Intravitreal VEGF levels in uveitis patients and treatment of uveitic macular oedema with intravitreal bevacizumab

Recent advances in drug delivery systems for treating ocular complications of systemic diseases

“…Patients presenting with CME responded well to bevacizumab treatment unless an extensive leakage from the choroid or a leakage of the optic disk was detectable. When treated with IVTA, these nonresponders showed a reduction in CME, suggesting that treatment with IVTA is preferable over bevacizumab for such patients [61].…”

Anti–tumor necrosis factor-α therapy in uveitis

“…37 Interestingly, one prospective study found that adalimumab induces a reduction in plasma VEGF levels that correlates with clinical improvement. 18 Since VEGF plays a role in the pathogenesis of CME, 144 this inhibitory effect could explain the successful outcomes of adalimumab for uveitic macular edema in the largest prospective study evaluating this therapy in uveitis to date. 37 …”

Review and update of intraocular therapy in noninfectious uveitis

“…VEGF inhibition has also been tried as a noncorticosteroid intraocular treatment for uveitic CME, owing to its induction in inflammation, its role in increasing vascular permeability and the finding of increased levels in eyes with uveitic macular oedema [23,[52][53][54][55]. Several small, noncontrolled studies have been reported using both bevacizumab and ranibizumab, although bevacizumab is more commonly used owing to its lower cost.…”

“…However, recent advances have led to the development of sustainedrelease corticosteroid devices using different corticosteroids [11 , [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Treatment options for patients who are steroid responders have also expanded through the development of new noncorticosteroid intravitreal agents such as methotrexate [19,20], antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents [21][22][23] and antitumour necrosis factor (TNF)-a agents [24 ].…”