Intravenous regional anesthesia in isoflurane anesthetized cats: lidocaine plasma concentrations and cardiovascular effects

Effects of morphine, lidocaine, ketamine, and morphine-lidocaine-ketamine drug combination on minimum alveolar concentration in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane

“…40 We did not observe neurologic or cardiovascular effects during the infusion of lidocaine in any dog during our studies. Our observations, in conjunction with another study 42 investigating lidocaine plasma concentrations in cats, a species known to be much more susceptible to the neurologic and cardiotoxic effects of lidocaine than dogs, suggest that infusion of low doses of lidocaine (50 µg/kg/min) are unlikely to cause toxic effects.…”

Comparison of intravenous regional anaesthesia with lidocaine and ropivacaine in dogs

“…It has been shown that in human patients, even if ade-quate tourniquet pressure is applied to close the vascular pathway, there is still a possibility of leakage under the tourniquet in IVRA (Coleman et al, 1999;Hoffmann et al, 1995;Rosenberg et al, 1983). Kushner et al (2002) in a study of IVRA in cats also found lidocaine leakage under the tourniquet and high plasma concentrations of the drug, despite using two tourniquets in the limb with the maintenance of tourniquet pressure at 100 mmHg above the systolic pressure. Leakage of the local anaesthetics under the tourniquet in the present study can be attributed to the lack of sufficient tourniquet pressure due to technical issues (e.g., inadequate sealing of the tourniquet) or the inability of the tourniquet to prevent drug leakage.…”

“…In previous studies in dogs and cats, lidocaine was used at a dose of 3 mg/kg and a concentration of 0.5%–2% in IVRA (De Marzo et al., 2012 ; Kushner et al., 2002 ; Webb et al., 1999 ). In the present study, lidocaine was applied at a dose of 3 mg/kg and a final volume of 0.6 mL/kg (i.e.…”

“…pain score 1). A study in cats reported that IVRA with lidocaine resulted in anaesthesia of the fingers up to 20 min after the tourniquet removal (Kushner et al., 2002 ). Leakage under the tourniquet and employing lower concentrations of the local anaesthetics can be attributed to the incomplete and short duration of anaesthesia after tourniquet removal in the current study.…”

“…In veterinary medicine, although IVRA is commonly used in ruminants (Edmondson, 2016 ), limited studies are available employing this method in small animals (De Marzo et al., 2012 ; Kushner et al., 2002 ; Webb et al., 1999 ). Because of some benefits, including its simplicity and reliability, providing appropriate intraoperative anaesthesia and analgesia as well as reducing bleeding in the surgical site, IVRA seems to have the potential to be used more widely in dogs and cats.…”