Intravenous anesthetic ketamine attenuates complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats via modulation of MAPKs/NF-κB

Abstract

Background The current study was intended to investigate the effect of ketamine (KET) on complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis in rats. Methods The CFA was administered in the hind paw of the rats for the induction of adjuvant-induced arthritis. The paw swelling of experimental animals was measured as hind paw volume. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was estimated and pathological changes in the joint tissues were observed under a light microscope. Furthermore, the bicinchoninic acid assay was used for protein quantification. The antibody-reactive bands were visualized using enhanced chemiluminescence. Results The present study showed that KET significantly reduces the severity of arthritis in CFA mice. The therapeutic effects were linked with reduced joint swelling and destruction, as evidenced by analyzing rat paws. The KET also revealed to attenuate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). In western blot analysis, KET inhibit phosphorylation of MAPKs, IκBα and nuclear translocation NF-κB in the inflammatory joints of AIA rats. Moreover, KET showed to induce apoptosis via mitochondrial signalling pathways (Bcl2, Bax, cytochrome C, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caapse-9). Conclusion Taken together, KET show significant anti-rheumatoid arthritis activity via multiple mechanisms and may thus have therapeutic benefits for RA.

Efficacy of procaine combined with ketamine and propofol in pediatric epidural anesthesia

“…Finally, in the present study, the observation group received a lower dose of ketamine and propofol compared with the control group (P<0.01), indicating that the combined use of procaine for pediatric epidural anesthesia can exert better sedative and pain relief effects and reduce the doses of ketamine and propofol that are required. This may be attributed to the characteristics of procaine, including the limited number of toxic reactions, the efficient hydrolysis by pseudocholinesterase in serum, and the reduced time for the anesthetic effect, the achievement of analgesia and the recovery of movement (27,28).…”