Intravascular haemolysis during prolonged running on asphalt and natural grass in long and middle distance runners

Abstract

Surface features such as uneven playing surfaces, low impact absorption capacity and inappropriate friction/traction characteristics are connected with injury prevalence whereas force impact during foot strike has been suggested to be an important mechanism of intravascular haemolysis during running. We aimed to evaluate intravascular haemolysis during running and compare the effect of running on two different types of surfaces on haemolysis. We selected two surfaces (asphalt and grass) on which these athletes usually run. Participants were randomly assigned to group A (asphalt) or group B (grass) with 10 athletes in each group. Each athlete completed one hour of running at the calculated target heart rate (60-70%). Venous blood samples were collected before and immediately after running. We measured unconjugated bilirubin (UBR) (mg · dl(-1)), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (μ · ml(-1)), haemoglobin (g · l(-1)) and serum ferritin (ng · ml(-1)) as indicators of haemolysis. Athletes who ran on grass demonstrated an increase in the haematological parameters (UBR: P < 0.01, LDH: P < 0.05) when compared to athletes who ran on asphalt (UBR: P < 0.05, LDH: P = 0.241). Our findings indicate that intravascular haemolysis occurs significantly after prolonged running. Furthermore, we conclude that uneven grass surface results in greater haemolysis compared to asphalt road.

Plasma protein changes in horse after prolonged physical exercise: A proteomic study

“…This trend may be related to an increased protein carbonylation that should promote its proteolytic processing, as already observed in humans [51]. Contrasting quantitative data have been reported on total haptoglobin in horse after physical exercise [12,15,16,[54][55][56]; these discrepancies may be probably related to the different physiological conditions analysed, the different biochemical assays used in these studies and the nature of the protein (total or specific isoforms) determined. HP forms very stable soluble complexes with free plasma haemoglobin (Hb), which is released into circulation during haemolysis [57,58].…”

Can Match-Mimicking Intermittent Practice Be Used as a Simulatory Training Mode of Competition Using Olympic Time Frame in Elite Taekwondo Athletes?

“…that the blood muscle damage markers (myoglobin and CK) are closely associated with the number of tackles in a competitive rugby match (Takarada, 2003). Furthermore, mechanical trauma during exercise such as repeated physical impacts occurring at long-distance running is a major cause of intravascular hemolysis (Miller et al., 1988; Janakiraman et al., 2011). Although the frequency of direct physical contact during TKD combat may not be as high as long-distance running, each impact by defending or attacking during TKD combat can be much greater than each foot impact during long-distance running, which might lead to a substantial increase in intravascular hemolysis in STC group (Figure 3D).…”

Iron metabolism in athletes – achieving a gold standard

“…Considerable quantities of iron could be lost by athletes due to bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract because of stress inflicting damage to gut linings, and the side effects of medication (pain killers, ant‐inflammatory drugs . Other sources of loss include injuries and wounds such as foot strike haemolysis, a condition that develops from red blood cell destruction in the feet because of frequent striking on hard surfaces . Heel‐strike impact was reported to inflict a significantly higher exercise‐induced haemolysis than cycling .…”