Abstract:This study aimed to describe the duration of inflammation after intrauterine infusion of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (povidone-iodine, PVP-I), determine the effect of PVP-I
infusion on the subsequent fertility, and evaluate the histopathology of the endometrium in dairy cows. In Experiment 1, 120 lactating clinically healthy Holstein-Friesian cows at
5 weeks postpartum (W5) were equally divided into three groups: intrauterine infusion of 2% PVP-I (PVP), saline (SAL), and no treatment (NTX). Endometrial cytolog… Show more
“…Thereafter, the inflammatory reaction changed in nature from an acute to a more chronic reaction [16]. On the other hand, intrauterine infusion by 2% PI in healthy cows induced transient uterine inflammation, promoted regeneration of endometrial epithelial cells, and improved fertility [9]. In human research, many types of cells are well studied on cytotoxicity caused by CHX and PI solutions [16,31,34,[55][56][57].…”
Section: Plos Onementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The general principle therapy of CE is to eliminate pathogenic bacteria in the uterus and reverse inflammatory changes that impair fertility [4,[7][8][9]. A wide variety of therapies for CE have been reported, including systemic prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) or estradiol, systemic or local antibiotics, and local antiseptics [10][11][12].…”
This study aimed to assess the in vitro antimicrobial effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) and povidone-iodine (PI) on clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes) from the vaginal discharge of dairy cows, as well as to compare the cytotoxicity effects of CHX and PI on bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEnEpC). In Experiment 1, 12 E. coli and 10 T. pyogenes were isolated from the vaginal discharge of cows with a uterine infection. The MIC and MBC against CHX and PI were analyzed in vitro. In Experiment 2, the cytotoxicity effects of CHX and PI on BEnEpC were analyzed using a Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit, wound scratch healing assay, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α). In Experiment 1, the MIC and MBC values of CHX against E. coli were 0.0002% and 0.0002 to 0.00025%, respectively. The MIC and MBC values of PI were 1.25 to 2.5% and 1.25 to 5%, respectively. For T. pyogenes, the MIC and MBC values of CHX were 0.00002%. The MIC and MBC values of PI were 1.25%. In Experiment 2, the cell viability significantly decreased, and wound closures were significantly inhibited after treatment with ≥ 0.002% CHX and ≥ 0.025% PI. The expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α significantly increased after treatment with PI. Only IL-6 showed a significant increase after cells were treated with 0.00002% and 0.0002% CHX. The results suggested that both CHX and PI had high antibacterial effects. However, veterinarians and farmers should be aware of their cytotoxicity, which decrease viability of endometrial epithelial cells and inhibit wound healing in vitro.
“…Thereafter, the inflammatory reaction changed in nature from an acute to a more chronic reaction [16]. On the other hand, intrauterine infusion by 2% PI in healthy cows induced transient uterine inflammation, promoted regeneration of endometrial epithelial cells, and improved fertility [9]. In human research, many types of cells are well studied on cytotoxicity caused by CHX and PI solutions [16,31,34,[55][56][57].…”
Section: Plos Onementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The general principle therapy of CE is to eliminate pathogenic bacteria in the uterus and reverse inflammatory changes that impair fertility [4,[7][8][9]. A wide variety of therapies for CE have been reported, including systemic prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) or estradiol, systemic or local antibiotics, and local antiseptics [10][11][12].…”
This study aimed to assess the in vitro antimicrobial effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) and povidone-iodine (PI) on clinical isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes) from the vaginal discharge of dairy cows, as well as to compare the cytotoxicity effects of CHX and PI on bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEnEpC). In Experiment 1, 12 E. coli and 10 T. pyogenes were isolated from the vaginal discharge of cows with a uterine infection. The MIC and MBC against CHX and PI were analyzed in vitro. In Experiment 2, the cytotoxicity effects of CHX and PI on BEnEpC were analyzed using a Viability/Cytotoxicity Kit, wound scratch healing assay, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α). In Experiment 1, the MIC and MBC values of CHX against E. coli were 0.0002% and 0.0002 to 0.00025%, respectively. The MIC and MBC values of PI were 1.25 to 2.5% and 1.25 to 5%, respectively. For T. pyogenes, the MIC and MBC values of CHX were 0.00002%. The MIC and MBC values of PI were 1.25%. In Experiment 2, the cell viability significantly decreased, and wound closures were significantly inhibited after treatment with ≥ 0.002% CHX and ≥ 0.025% PI. The expression of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α significantly increased after treatment with PI. Only IL-6 showed a significant increase after cells were treated with 0.00002% and 0.0002% CHX. The results suggested that both CHX and PI had high antibacterial effects. However, veterinarians and farmers should be aware of their cytotoxicity, which decrease viability of endometrial epithelial cells and inhibit wound healing in vitro.
“…Intrauterine infusion of 2% PVP-I is not only effective in treating cows with severe endometritis but is also likely to be effective in promoting endometrial epithelial cell regeneration and improving fertility in cows with SE as well as CE. We randomly divided 120 lactating clinically healthy Holstein-Friesian cows at 5 weeks postpartum into 3 groups: intrauterine PVP-I infusion (PVP), saline (SAL), and no treatment (NTX); endometrial cytology was performed daily from day 0 (at week 5 postpartum) to day 7 in a subset of the cows to describe the duration of inflammation after PVP-I infusion and to determine the effect of the infusion on subsequent fertility [ 83 ] ( Fig. 4 Fig.…”
Section: Treatments For Bovine Endometritismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…4. Schematic diagram of a timed AI protocol consisting of intrauterine infusion of PVP-I followed by CIDR insertion for 7 days in lactating dairy cows (Reproduced with permission of the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science from Yoshida et al J Vet Med Sci 82: 926–934, 2020 [ 83 ]). Animals were assigned to receive intrauterine infusion of povidone-iodine (PVP-I) or physiological saline (SAL) at 5 weeks ± 3 days postpartum (D0), followed by a subsequent CIDR-synch timed artificial insemination (AI) protocol 7 days later.…”
Section: Treatments For Bovine Endometritismentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Changes in the percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN%). (Reproduced with permission of the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science from Yoshida et al J Vet Med Sci 82: 926–934, 2020 [ 83 ]). PMN% in endometrial samples collected for 8 consecutive days after intrauterine infusion of povidone-iodine (PVP-I) (PVP: n = 14), physiological saline (SAL: n = 15), or no treatment (NTX: n = 15) in postpartum dairy cows.…”
Section: Treatments For Bovine Endometritismentioning
A certain level of endometrial bacterial infection and inflammation is involved in bovine uterine involution during the puerperal period. Factors that hamper normal uterine involution expose the uterine environment to pathological conditions, causing different endometritis levels. The lack of proper diagnostic tools extends the time to conception. Efforts have been made to elucidate the postpartum uterine environment, including bacterial flora, changes in transient endometrial inflammation, and the pathophysiology of endometritis, to improve bovine reproductive performance. E. coli and Trueperella pyogenes in the uterus are likely to cause persistent infection, and Mycoplasma bovigenitalium infection is associated with dystocia and cytological endometritis in postpartum dairy cows. Due to the widespread use of cytobrush as a diagnostic tool for bovine subclinical endometritis (SE) that enables quantification of the degree of inflammation, we found that endometritis at week 5 postpartum was associated with delayed first ovulation. Approximately 30% of open cows have SE during the postpartum period, and cows with low blood glucose during prepartum have a high risk of developing SE. Additionally, cows with purulent vaginal discharge do not always have endometritis but only vaginitis and/or cervicitis. Intrauterine infusion of polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine (PVP-I)improves fertility and promotes endometrial epithelial cell regeneration after inducing transient uterine inflammation, suggesting that PVP-I could be a good alternative to antibiotics. In conclusion, prepartum management to prevent glucose deficiency, prompt diagnosis to identify causative agents and intrauterine inflammation levels, and appropriate treatment to minimize antimicrobial resistance is beneficial for tackling endometritis and improving reproductive performance in bovine herds.
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