Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery: Evidence for activation of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Gravett, Michael G.; Hitti, Jane; Hess, David L.; Eschenbach, David A.

doi:10.1067/mob.2000.106180

Cited by 93 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The cytokines, among other putative effects, recruit leukocytes to inflamed tissues, ultimately leading to the events resulting in parturition, such as increased prostaglandin synthesis, increased uterine contractile activity, and collagen degradation. PTD has been reported to be associated with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines including IL1β, IL6, TNFα and others [3,[7][8][9]. In this study, we confirmed increased expression of several of these proinflammatory cytokines along with increased expression of proinflammatory chemokines in mice undergoing LPS-induced PTD.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

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Modulation of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Expression During Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Preterm Delivery in the Pregnant Mouse

et al. 2007

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Objective-Preterm delivery is often associated with increased cytokine and chemokine production. These studies sought to characterize the expression of the chemokine, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), in mice during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced preterm delivery.Methods-Uterine and other tissues were harvested from CD-1 mice on gestational day 15 after intrauterine LPS injection. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR) determined MCP-1 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mRNA expression during the 24 hours after LPS. MCP-1 protein expression was determined using a cytokine/chemokine protein array, by ELISA and by immunohistochemistry.Results-Intrauterine LPS injection caused preterm delivery in CD-1 mice between 12 and 24 hours. Expression of MCP-1 mRNA significantly increased at 2 and 6 hours, while TLR4 expression did not significantly change over 24 hours. MCP-1 protein levels peaked by 2 to 6 hours in maternal serum, liver, lung, kidney and uterus. Immunohistochemistry confirmed MCP-1 in myometrium and endometrium.Discussion-These studies have provided evidence suggesting that MCP-1 potentially plays an important role during the proinflammatory immune response leading to preterm labor in the mouse.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Efforts to understand the multifactorial pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying preterm birth have identified activation of the proinflammatory pathways and components of the coagulation cascade as important contributors [3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Expression During Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Preterm Delivery in the Pregnant Mouse

et al. 2007

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“…These foals will be delivered prematurely, but will be mature enough to survive in the extrauterine environment. In humans, it is thought that indirect stimulation of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by pro-inflammatory cytokines is responsible for precocious fetal maturation [45,46]. If this phenomenon is also true for equine fetuses, then delaying premature labor long enough to allow accelerated fetal maturation to occur may improve foal survival rates.…”

Section: Placentitismentioning

confidence: 99%

High risk pregnant mare

Troedsson

2007

Acta Vet Scand

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“…Nevertheless, when an infection is present the fetal HPA axis can also be activated, thus starting the cascade. 42,43 Recently, studies have shown a significant impact of chorioamnionitis on placental CRH and urocortins and their receptors, suggesting that placental expression of stress-related pathways is activated in infective processes. 44 Even cervical incompetence manifesting as a case of preterm labor, mechanical causes excluded, may be related to infection and inflammation, as a shortened or damaged cervix would not be capable of impeding the ascent of bacteria.…”

Section: Infection and Inflammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine placental mediators in labor

Iliodromiti¹,

Antonakopoulos²,

Sifakis³

et al. 2012

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considering that preterm birth accounts for about 6-10% of all births in Western countries and of more than 65% of all perinatal deaths, elucidation of the particularly complicated mechanisms of labor is essential for determination of appropriate and effective therapeutic interventions. Labor in humans results from a complex interplay of fetal and maternal factors, which act upon the uterus to trigger pathways leading gradually to a coordinated cervical ripening and myometrial contractility. Although the exact mechanism of labor still remains uncertain, several components have been identified and described in detail. Based on the major role played by the human placenta in pregnancy and the cascade of labor processes activated via placental mediators exerting endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine actions, this review article has aimed at presenting the role of these mediators in term and preterm labor and the molecular pathways of their actions. some of the aforementioned mediators are involved in myometrial activation and preparation and others in myometrial stimulation leading to delivery. In the early stages of pregnancy, myometrial molecules, like progesterone, nitric oxide, and relaxin, contribute to the retention of pregnancy. At late stages of gestation, fetal hypothalamus maturation signals act on the placenta causing the production of hormones, including crH, in an endocrine manner; the signals then enhance paracrinically the production of more hormones, such as estrogens and neuropeptides, that contribute to cervical ripening and uterine contractility. These molecules act directly on the myometrium through specific receptors, while cytokines and multiple growth factors are also produced, additionally contributing to labor. In situations HORMONES 2012, 11(4):397-409 Review

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Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery: Evidence for activation of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Cited by 93 publications

References 42 publications

Modulation of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Expression During Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Preterm Delivery in the Pregnant Mouse

Modulation of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Expression During Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Preterm Delivery in the Pregnant Mouse

High risk pregnant mare

Endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine placental mediators in labor

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