Intrauterine Fetal Sex Determination by Radioimmunoassay of Amniotic Fluid Testosterone

Giles, Harlan R.; Lox, Charles D.; Heine, M. Wayne; Christian, Charles L.

doi:10.1097/00006254-197511000-00005

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Our data, for both absolute values and the distribution between sexes, are in perfect agreement with earlier studies of pregnancies of the same age group (4,5,(23)(24)(25)(26). In the present report, taking 10 ng/dl as the limit between male and female values, fetal sex could have been predicted in 100% of the cases between 100 and 120 postmenstrual days.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Concentration of 14 Steroid Hormones in Human Amniotic Fluid of Midpregnancy*

Forest¹,

Peretti²,

Lecoq³

et al. 1980

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

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Amniotic fluid (AF) levels of all steroids leading from pregnenolone (delta 5Preg) to androgens and estrogens of both the delta 5 and the delta 4 pathways and those of cortisol and cortisone have been determined in 63 normal pregnancies (12-19 weeks gestation). The 12 unconjugated steroids [delta 5Preg, 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), delta 4-androstenedione, delta 5-androstene-3 beta,17 beta-diol (delta 5Adiol), testosterone (T), estrone, 17 beta-estradiol (E2), cortisol, and cortisone] were measured by specific RIAs after appropriate purification by Celite or LH-20 column chromatography, while the sulfates of DHA and delta 5Preg were assayed directly on diluted samples. There were distinct sex differences; T and delta 4-androstenedione levels were higher (P < 0.001) in males than in females, while AF levels of delta 5Preg, 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, DHA, and delta 5Adiol were higher (P < 0.05) in females than in males. AF levels of E2 were significantly higher in females only between 15 and 19 weeks gestation. There was no difference between sexes in AF levels of progesterone, estrone, cortisone, and cortisol. AF levels of T, delta 4-androstenedione, and E2 decreased with age in males, and AF levels of DHA increased in females during the period examined. These observed sex differences suggest that T and delta 4-androstenedione may reflect fetal testicular activity, while E2 and 17-hydroxyprogesterone might reflect fetal ovarian activity. Determination of AF levels of T would appear to be a valuable screening test for antenatal diagnosis of sex (predictive error, less than or equal to 15%), but not in the presence of steroidogenic enzyme defects. Elevated levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone were found in the AF of two fetuses with either a 17-20 desmolase defect or 21-hydroxylase deficiency; AF levels of androgens were low in the former and high in the latter.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Concentration of 14 Steroid Hormones in Human Amniotic Fluid of Midpregnancy*

Forest¹,

Peretti²,

Lecoq³

et al. 1980

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

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“…UAPT in humans is higher in male fetuses before mid-gestation than in females ; this difference then decreases and finally disappears around term (Mizuno et al,1968 ;Rivarola, Forest and Migeon, 1968 ;Saez and Bertrand, 1969 ;Abramovich and Rowe, 1973 ;Reyes et at., 1974). AFT level progresses in the same way (Saez and Bertrand, 1969 ;Younglai, 1972 ;Younglai and Lin, 1973 ;Frasier, Weiss and Horton, 1974 ;Giles et al, 1974 ;Judd et al, 1976 ;Belisle, Fencl and Tulchinsky, 1977 ;Robinson et al, 1977 ;Zondek, Mansfield and Zondek, 1977 (Fouquet, Dang and Meusy-Dessolle, 1978), is the testosterone found of testicular origin ? It is highly probable, for Resko (1970) (Van Wagenen and Simpson, 1965).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Testosterone levels in umbilical cord blood, maternal peripheral plasma and amniotic fluid of the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

Dang¹,

Meusy-Dessolle²

1979

Ann. Biol. anim. Bioch. Biophys.

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“…Several investigators have advocated the use of testosterone and folli cle-stimulating hormone (FSH) assays in amniotic fluid to aid in the diag nosis of fetal sex [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. The high levels of testosterone in amniotic fluid from women carry ing a male fetus have been suggested to depend, at least in part, upon the human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) stimulation of the Leydig cells [21][22][23][24][25][26], However, actual measurements of HCG and testoster one in the same amniotic samples have only been reported by Younglai and Lin [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormone Levels in Amniotic Fluid and Fetal Sex

Bremme¹,

Eneroth²,

Nilsson

1982

Gynecol Obstet Invest

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There are reports on the diagnosis of fetal sex by assay of testosterone as well as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in amniotic fluid. However, according to our data analysis of amniotic fluid FSH in normal pregnancies does not improve the sex diagnosis already provided by the testosterone assay. Instead of FSH we found human chorionic gonadotrophin to increase the precision in the determination of fetal sex. However, it is important to note that if amniotic fluid from a malformed child is analyzed for fetal sex, the assay of testosterone and human chorionic gonadotrophin may be quite misleading.

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Intrauterine Fetal Sex Determination by Radioimmunoassay of Amniotic Fluid Testosterone

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Concentration of 14 Steroid Hormones in Human Amniotic Fluid of Midpregnancy*

Concentration of 14 Steroid Hormones in Human Amniotic Fluid of Midpregnancy*

Testosterone levels in umbilical cord blood, maternal peripheral plasma and amniotic fluid of the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

Hormone Levels in Amniotic Fluid and Fetal Sex

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