Intraspinal Microstimulation Excites Multisegmental Sensory Afferents at Lower Stimulus Levels Than Local α-Motoneuron Responses

Abstract

Microstimulation within the motor regions of the spinal cord is often assumed to activate motoneurons and propriospinal neurons close to the electrode tip. However, previous work has shown that intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) in the gray matter activates sensory afferent axons as well as alpha-motoneurons (MNs). Here we report on the recruitment of sensory afferent axons and MNs as ISMS amplitudes increased. Intraspinal microstimulation was applied through microwires implanted in the dorsal horn, intermediate region and ventral horn of the L(5)-L(7) segments of the spinal cord in four acutely decerebrated cats, two of which had been chronically spinalized. Activation of sensory axons was detected with electroneurographic recordings from dorsal roots. Activation of MNs was detected with electromyographic (EMG) recordings from hindlimb muscles. Sensory axons were nearly always activated at lower stimulus levels than MNs irrespective of the stimulating electrode location. EMG response latencies decreased as ISMS stimulus intensities increased, suggesting that MNs were first activated transsynaptically and then directly as intensity increased. ISMS elicited antidromic activity in dorsal root filaments with entry zones up to 17 mm rostral and caudal to the stimulation sites. We posit that action potentials elicited in localized terminal branches of afferents spread antidromically to all terminal branches of the afferents and transsynaptically excite MNs and interneurons far removed from the stimulation site. This may help explain how focal ISMS can activate many MNs of a muscle even though they are distributed in long thin columns.

Cervical multisegmental motor responses in healthy subjects

“…It is considered more convenient, safe and could be easily applied in the clinic when compared with the more invasive intraspinal stimulation. 23 The variability in the amplitude of the CMMR need further studies to identify its source (methodological or physiological). Recent studies showed lower variability of the MMR responses with methodological modifications.…”

Thoracolumbar multisegmental motor responses in the upper and lower limbs in healthy subjects

“…Most spinal cord stimulation studies reported using epidural techniques. [5][6][7] However, noninvasive, percutaneous spinal cord stimulation, besides being safer, would provide electrophysiological information that could be used by rehabilitation professionals and clinicians.…”

“…Similar responses were also reported in cats using intraspinal microstimulation. 7 The question of possible signal sources is valid especially when comparing lower and upper limb responses. The latency for these responses was short and almost half that of the soleus and FCR H-reflexes.…”

Neural interfaces for somatosensory feedback

“…There are several locations to interact with the residual somatosensory system [77]. Preclinical work in brain [78], dorsal root ganglion [79,80] and intraspinal microstimulation [81] There are several options being explored for peripheral nerve interfaces [84,85]. Most often, peripheral interfaces focus on the physical interaction and location of electrical contacts.…”