Exercise appears not to change anthropometric characteristics and respiratory functions while it improves AHI, health-related quality of life, quality of sleep, and exercise capacity in the patients with mild to moderate OSAS.

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Quality of life was negatively influenced in the patients with low back pain who had chance health locus of control. LOC is an important parameter in evaluation and treatment of patients with LBP.

Study design: Experimental design.Objectives: This descriptive study presents muscular responses from both the upper and the lower extremities during T11-12 segmental stimulation. Setting: Neuro Lab of the Texas Woman's University (School of Physical Therapy, TX, USA). Methods: A total of 13 healthy subjects were electrically stimulated using surface electrodes. In trial 1, signals were recorded from the flexor hallucis brevis, soleus, vastus medialis and gluteus medius in the lower right extremity. In trial 2, responses were recorded from the abductor digiti minimi, abductor pollicis brevis (APB), flexor carpi radialis and biceps brachii in the right upper extremity. In trial 3, stimulation was carried out and signals were recorded for both the upper and the lower extremities simultaneously, using different muscle combinations. Five traces per muscle were averaged for each step of the testing. Amplitude and deflection latency were the measured parameters and were compared using descriptive statistics. Results: Results showed signal amplitudes ranging from 85 to 821 mV in the upper extremity and from 582 to 3927 mV in the lower extremity, with the largest signal recorded in the soleus muscle and the APB. Response latency varies between 5.5 and 14 ms in the upper limbs and between 7.7 and 27 ms in the lower limbs and was comparable in bilateral recording. Conclusion: These muscular responses seem to be elicited from electrical stimulation of motor nuclei in lower limb muscles or from pathways to those nuclei in upper limb muscles, and could be useful in testing patients with spinal disorders.

Study design: Experimental design.Objectives: This descriptive design study presents multisegmental motor responses in the upper extremities after stimulation of cervical spinal vertebrae. Setting: Neuro Lab of Texas Woman's University, School of Physical Therapy, Texas, USA. Methods: In trial 1, C7 spinal segment was electrically stimulated in 13 healthy subjects using surface electrodes while recording responses from abductor digiti minimi (ADM), abductor pollicis brevis (APB), flexor carpi radialis (FCR) and biceps brachii (BB) in the right upper extremity. In trial 2, C7 stimulation was carried out while recording responses from the APB and BB bilaterally. In trial 3, C7 stimulation was carried out while recording responses from the flexor hallucis brevis (FHB), soleus, vastus medialis (VMO) and gluteus medius (GM) in the right lower extremity. The amplitude of the signal and the deflection latency were the measured parameters. Descriptive statistics were completed on the data. Results: Results showed response amplitudes in all muscles of the upper extremities ranging from 328 to 1239 mV, with the largest recorded from the APB and ADM, then the FCR and BB. Muscular responses were recorded simultaneously in bilateral muscles. Response latency was comparable, in bilateral similar muscles, and was varied from 6 to 16.5 msec, being longer in the ADM and APB, shorter in FCR and shortest in the BB. No lower limb muscles responded to C7 spinal stimulation, using current setup/method. Conclusion: These responses appear to be caused by stimulating the dorsal roots or motor nuclei of the cervical region and could be useful in testing patients with cervical spinal disorders.

BACKGROUND: Health anxiety is often associated with musculoskeletal symptoms and gender, but there are limited studies that investigate these relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the genders regarding health anxiety and musculoskeletal symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and to investigate the relationship of musculoskeletal symptoms with physical activity and health anxiety. METHODS: Assessments were performed through an online questionnaire. Eighty-five males and eighty-five females were included by matching genders in terms of age, body mass index, education level, number of days spent at home during the pandemic, and physical activity. The Short Health Anxiety Inventory, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form, and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire were used to assess health anxiety, physical activity, and musculoskeletal symptoms, respectively. RESULTS: Females had a higher level of health anxiety and more musculoskeletal symptoms than males (p< 0.05). There were weak to moderate correlations in females and weak correlations in males between musculoskeletal symptoms and health anxiety (p< 0.05). Also, a weak negative correlation was found between physical activity and musculoskeletal symptoms in both genders (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Females are more anxious and have more musculoskeletal symptoms during the pandemic than males. Also, health anxiety is related to musculoskeletal symptoms in both genders.

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