Intraspecific Variability of the Essential Oil of Cladanthus mixtus from Morocco

Abstract

Air-dried aerial parts of wild Cladanthus mixtus were collected from two different regions of Morocco, Bouznika and Oujda, during 2011 and 2012. Forty individual plant samples were hydrodistilled using a Clevenger apparatus and the obtained essential oils were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The yield obtained varies greatly with a range of 0.3 to 0.8%. The chemical composition of C. mixtus oils changes from one region to another. A total of 53 constituents were identified. To the best of our knowledge, two chemotypes were defined for the first time for this species in the regions studied. 2-Methyl-2- trans-butenyl methacrylate (32.8–35.2%) / ar-curcumene (13–14%) characterize the chemotypeof the C. mixtus plants from Bouznika, and trans-β-farnesene (35.5–50.3%) the chemotype from Oujda.

Composition and Chemical Variability of the Essential Oil from Aerial Parts of Cladanthus scariosus, an Endemic Species to the Moroccan High Atlas

“…The composition of C. scariosus essential oil differed drastically from those reported for the common Moroccan C. mixtus (Synonyms: Anthemis mixta , Chamaemelum mixtum , Ormenis mixta ) essential oils that displayed a fair chemical variability. Indeed, most compositions, recently reviewed [28] were dominated by a major component: santolina alcohol (24.1–55.1 %); [29,30] (E)‐β‐farnesene (35.5–50.5 %); [31,32] 2‐methyl‐2‐E‐butenyl methacrylate (32.0–35.2 %); [31–33] camphor (21.4 %); [31,34] α‐thujone (51.8 %) [35] . The composition of C. scariosus essential oil varied also from that of the essential oil from C. eriolepis , endemic to Morocco, dominated either by camphor (37.0 %); [36] α‐pinene (13.0 %), isobutyl angelate (10.7 %), 2‐methybutyl angelate (9.5 %); [37] iso‐butyl isobutyrate (21.2/20.8 %), iso‐butyl angelate (22.0/22.4 %) [16] …”

Integrated Analysis by GC/MS and 13C NMR of Moroccan Cladanthus mixtus Essential Oil; Identification of Uncommon Epoxyfarnesanes

“…The compositions of essential oils of group 1 were dominated either by santolina al cohol (24.1-66.0%) [6][7][8][9][10][11], camphor (17.8-33.0%) [12][13][14], 2-methyl-2-trans-buteny methacrylate (32.0-35.2%) [12,15,16], (E)-β-farnesene (35.5-50.3%) [12,15], or (E) nerolidol (44.1%) [13]; -Samples of group 2 contained mainly monoterpenes (α-pinene, myrcene, 1,8-cineole and camphor), irregular monoterpenes (santolina triene and santolina alcohol), ses quiterpene hydrocarbons (germacrene D and (E)-β-farnesene), or miscellaneous (2 tridecanone and (Z)-methyl isoeugenol) [12,13,17,18]. The aim of this paper that reports on the composition of two C. mixtus oil sample submitted to combined analysis by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques is to demonstrate overall the importance of 13 C NMR in identifying uncommon oxygenated sesquiterpenes, the presence of which induces an unusual composition.…”

“…The compositions of essential oils of group 1 were dominated either by santolina alcohol (24.1-66.0%) [6][7][8][9][10][11], camphor (17.8-33.0%) [12][13][14], 2-methyl-2-trans-butenyl methacrylate (32.0-35.2%) [12,15,16], (E)-β-farnesene (35.5-50.3%) [12,15], or (E)nerolidol (44.1%) [13]; -Samples of group 2 contained mainly monoterpenes (α-pinene, myrcene, 1,8-cineole, and camphor), irregular monoterpenes (santolina triene and santolina alcohol), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (germacrene D and (E)-β-farnesene), or miscellaneous (2tridecanone and (Z)-methyl isoeugenol) [12,13,17,18].…”

The Medicinal Moroccan Plant Cladanthus arabicus as a Prominent Source of Sesquiterpenes Cladantholide and Sintenin

“…With feathery leaves and a daisy-like appearance with gold or white flowers, in general, these Mediterranean plants do not go unnoticed in fields and gardens. The prevalent species in Morocco are C. scariosus which is endemic in the High Atlas area [1,2] and the flavonoid-rich species C. mixtus in other areas [3]. The latter Cladanthus species is a prominent source of polyphenols and flavonoids, such as the glycosyl-flavone acetylisospinosin, which has recently been identified together with many other flavonoids [4,5].…”