Intraoperative nociception-antinociception monitors: A review from the veterinary perspective

Ruíz‐López, Patricia; Domínguez, Juan M.; Granados, María del Mar

doi:10.1016/j.vaa.2019.09.006

Cited by 19 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Spectral entropy in tail clamping and the nociceptive withdrawal reflex in responsive cats are monitors designed to assess intraoperative nociception. However, few studies evaluate the level of surgical influence in animals [112].…”

Section: Biomarkers and The Development Of Tools To Assess Pain And Surgical Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobiology of anesthetic-surgical stress and induced behavioral changes in dogs and cats: A review

et al. 2021

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The anesthetic-surgical stress response consists of metabolic, neuroendocrine, hemodynamic, immunological, and behavioral adaptations through chemical mediators such as the adrenocorticotropic hormone, growth hormone, antidiuretic hormone, cortisol, aldosterone, angiotensin II, thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, catecholamines, insulin, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and prostaglandin E-2. Behavioral changes include adopting the so-called prayer posture, altered facial expressions, hyporexia or anorexia, drowsiness, sleep disorders, restriction of movement, licking or biting the injured area, and vocalizations. Overall, these changes are essential mechanisms to counteract harmful stimuli. However, if uncontrolled surgical stress persists, recovery time may be prolonged, along with increased susceptibility to infections in the post-operative period. This review discusses the neurobiology and most relevant organic responses to pain and anesthetic-surgical stress in dogs and cats. It highlights the role of stress biomarkers and their influence on autonomous and demeanor aspects and emphasizes the importance of understanding and correlating all factors to provide a more accurate assessment of pain and animal welfare in dogs and cats throughout the surgical process.

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Section: Biomarkers and The Development Of Tools To Assess Pain And Surgical Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobiology of anesthetic-surgical stress and induced behavioral changes in dogs and cats: A review

et al. 2021

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“…However, all the cases reported here had less then 10% changes in cardiovascular system throughout the surgical procedure. Although this enhances our believe in anti-nociceptive effects of the block performed, cardiovascular changes, despite remaining the gold standard tool for intraoperative nociception assessment, are not without limitations (Ruíz-López et al, 2019). Thus, they need to be interpreted with caution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Ultrasound-guided serratus plane block as an effective adjunct to systemic analgesia in four dogs undergoing thoracotomy

et al. 2021

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Background: Ultrasound-guided serratus plane block (UGSPB) is a loco-regional anesthesia technique designed to desensitize the thoracic wall. It is a compartmental block, where local anesthetic is delivered to the fascial, intermuscular plane. Since its original description in humans, two cadaveric veterinary studies, redefining the technique, have been performed. Taking into account the successful use of the UGSPB in human medicine, we employed the veterinary description to perform this block in four dogs undergoing thoracotomy. The case series described below aims to share our experience of the clinical application of this new loco-regional anesthesia technique in dogs. Case Description: Four dogs, with different underlying medical conditions underwent cranial lateral thoracotomy. The analgesia protocol consisted of intravenous methadone and UGSPB performed half an hour before the beginning of the procedure. The cardiovascular system was closely monitored for any signs of nociception. Fentanyl, although available as rescue analgesia, was not required in any of these cases as no signs of nociception were present. Conclusion: To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first veterinary clinical report using the UGSPB as a part of a multimodal analgesia protocol in dogs undergoing thoracotomy. Based on this observation, UGSPB has the potential to prevent nociception and reduce the intraoperative opioid requirements in dogs undergoing thoracotomy. A prospective randomized clinical trial is required to confirm these promising results.

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“…More traditionally, vital signs, including hemodynamic and respiratory variables have been studied in veterinary medicine as potential indicators of nociception ( 4 , 5 ). However, in dogs, there is little evidence to show a linear and reliable correlation between these physiological factors and nociception.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory response to finger clamping in dogs under general anesthesia: A descriptive pilot study

2022

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Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to assess the effects of a nociceptive stimulus on respiratory variables in anesthetized dogs.Material and methodEleven dogs received acepromazine administered intramuscularly (IM) at a dose of 0.04 mg kg−1 45 mins before induction of anesthesia. Loss of consciousness was obtained with midazolam at 0.2 mg kg−1 and propofol administered at a dose of 2 mg kg−1 intravenously (IV). Orotracheal intubation was performed and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. Inspired (VTi) and expired (VTe) tidal volume (VT), minute volume (VM), inspiratory and expiratory time (Ti; Te) were measured and recorded twice a second by a spirometer. The Drive (VT/Ti) and Timing [Ti/(Ti+ Te)] were calculated.After stabilizing the depth of anesthesia the variables measured by the spirometer were recorded for 5 mins [T0−5-T0]. Then (T0) interdigital clamping of the hind leg was performed until a withdrawal movement was observed. If no reaction occurred, the clamp was left in place for 60s. After removal of the clamp, respiratory variables were measured continuously for another 5 mins [T0-T0+5]. At T0+5 morphine (0.2 mg kg−1 IV) was administered. Five minutes later (T0+10), a second clamp test was performed, using the same procedure. At T0+15 the data recording was stopped.ResultThe results showed a large variation in the individual values of Drive and Timing and are presented in a descriptive manner. The observation of Drive values over time showed variations following nociceptive stimuli. Drive appears to have increased only for those dogs that did not move during the stimulus, and were therefore pinched for a full 60 s. In contrast, the study of the Timing values revealed no difference between the data before and after nociceptive stimulation. However Timing seems to increase after morphine administration.ConclusionDrive remains a parameter that needs to be studied in depth to determine its sensitivity and precocity to monitor acute nociception.

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Intraoperative nociception-antinociception monitors: A review from the veterinary perspective

Cited by 19 publications

References 66 publications

Neurobiology of anesthetic-surgical stress and induced behavioral changes in dogs and cats: A review

Neurobiology of anesthetic-surgical stress and induced behavioral changes in dogs and cats: A review

Ultrasound-guided serratus plane block as an effective adjunct to systemic analgesia in four dogs undergoing thoracotomy

Respiratory response to finger clamping in dogs under general anesthesia: A descriptive pilot study

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