Intramuscular vaccination of Atlantic lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) induces inflammatory reactions and local immunoglobulin M production at the vaccine administration site

Abstract

Atlantic lumpfish were vaccinated by intramuscular (im) or intraperitoneal (ip) injection with a multivalent oil‐based vaccine, while control fish were injected with phosphate‐buffered saline. Four lumpfish per group were sampled for skin/muscle and head kidney tissue at 0, 2, 7, 21 and 42 days post‐immunization (dpi) for histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Gene expressions of secretory IgM, membrane‐bound IgM, IgD, TCRα, CD3ε and MHC class IIβ were studied in tissues by using qPCR. Im. vaccinated fish showed vaccine‐induced inflammation with formation of granulomas and increasing number of eosinophilic granulocyte‐like cells over time. On IHC sections, we observed diffuse intercellular staining of secretory IgM at the injection site at 2 dpi, while IgM + cells appeared in small numbers at 21 and 42 dpi. Skin/muscle samples from im. vaccinated fish demonstrated an increase in gene expression of IgM mRNA (secretory and membrane‐bound) at 21 and 42 dpi and small changes for other genes. Our results indicated that im. vaccination of lumpfish induced local IgM production at the vaccine injection site, with no apparent proliferation of IgM + cells. Eosinophilic granulocyte‐like cells appeared shortly after im. injection and increased in numbers as the inflammation progressed.

CD10+ Cells and IgM in Pathogen Response in Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) Eye Tissues

“…The high number of CD10+ cells in myxozoan infected ocular cartilage tissue raises questions about the level of specificity of this immune response. While lumpfish are known to express genes coding for components of specific immune responses (i.e., as mediated by T and B lymphocytes) and have been demonstrated to mount measurable specific immune responses (42,47,59,60), less is known about innate immune responses in lumpfish. However, lumpfish B lymphocytes are known to be phagocytic (60), suggesting that unique forms of innate immunity could exist in lumpfish.…”

Establishment and Characterization of a Novel Gill Cell Line, LG-1, from Atlantic Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.)

“…The thermal program was set to 95 °C for 30 s, 39 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s and 60 °C for 30 s. Primers for Atlantic lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus L.) interleukin 6 (IL-6) were designed using NCBI primer Blast™ [ 23 ], and levels of Atlantic lumpfish ( Cyclopterus lumpus L.) interleukin 6 (IL-6) and elongation factor 1 α (EF1α) [ 24 ] were assessed using 10 µM primers. Primers targeting Atlantic salmon Salmo salar ) Elongation factor 1α (ss-EF1a) [ 25 ] were used as a negative control. Amplicon length of each qPCR product was controlled using a 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) along with an associated kit, Agilent DNA 1000, according to the manufacturer’s protocol.…”

Review on Immersion Vaccines for Fish: An Update 2019

“…One reason for this is the lack of specific antibodies against IgT from various fish, which excludes immunohistochemical analysis and ELISA based assays. Local induction and production of both mucosal (IgT) and systemic (IgM) may be present upon microbial exposure [61], and in granulomatous tissues induced by the intraperitoneal and intramuscular injection of vaccines [62,63]. Besides mucosal IgT, secretory polymeric Ig receptors (pIgR) with the ability to bind IgM and IgT has been shown to transport IgM and IgT to the gut luminal area.…”