Intracellular staining of Mx proteins in cells from peripheral blood, bone marrow and skin.

Abstract

Aim/background-The Mx proteins are known to be specifically and dose dependently induced in mononuclear cells (MNC) by type I interferons (IFN). The aim of this study was to establish a staining method for the human intracellular Mx proteins, MxA and MxB, in leucocytes and bone marrow and skin cells. Methods-Several monoclonal antibodies directed against the MxA and MxB proteins were generated. These antibodies were used to stain Mx proteins in both frozen and paraffin wax sections using the standard alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase (APAAP)

Innate Immune Responses of Calves during Transient Infection with a Noncytopathic Strain of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

“…As stated above, the outbred genetic background, age differences, and the conventional rearing conditions may at least in part account for the variations between individual calves. In contrast to findings in humans (3,45), it is not sufficiently known yet how the different bovine WBC subsets express the Mx gene upon activation of the IFN-␣/␤ system. In humans, mainly monocytes and lymphocytes have been shown to express the Mx gene, whereas Mx expression in granulocytes was much lower (45).…”

Induction and persistence of Mx protein in tissues, blood and plasma of Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo salar, injected with poly I:C

“…In human, peripheral blood mononuclear cells have a low basal level of MxA protein [13]. Following injection of IFNa in human patients, monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes show immunostaining for Mx protein beginning at 4, 6 and 24 h, respectively, which becomes intense by 24 h [14,15]. In the present work, monocyte-like cells in the blood stained for Mx in all fish, both control and poly I:C injected, at all sample times, suggesting a constitutive expression by this cell type.…”

“…In human patients undergoing IFN treatment, peripheral blood monocytes, granulocytes and lymphocytes express Mx protein reaching peak values after about 48 h [14,15]. The human MxA protein has a half-life of about 3 days [16].…”

Inhibition of Tumor Cell Motility by the Interferon-inducible GTPase MxA

“…It was unexpected to find that PC-3 expressed MxA spontaneously, because it was believed that MxA is not expressed in normal or neoplastic cells in the absence of viral infection or exposure to exogenous interferon (25,26). However, our Western blot analysis of 27 cancer cell lines from the NCI-60, the National Cancer Institute Developmental Therapeutics Program's panel of 60 cultured human cancer cells, that had been established to screen chemical compounds for anti-cancer activity (27) detected MxA expression in 0/1 leukemia, 3/7 nonsmall cell lung cancer, 2/7 colon, 4/6 CNS, and 2/6 melanoma (data not shown).…”