Intra- and inter-observer variability in ultrasonographical measurements of the uterus and ovaries in healthy, non-pregnant queens

Gatel, Laure; Gory, Guillaume; Chalvet‐Monfray, Karine; Saunders, Jimmy; Rault, Delphine

doi:10.1177/1098612x15574317

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…These differences in appearance of the CrCrL are most likely due to a combination of multiple factors. Firstly, higher frequencies and technical improvements of the transducers and software allowed for improved and more detailed visualization of small structures [26]. Secondly, anisotropy due to oblique incidence scanning was avoided as much as possible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-frequency ultrasound, computed tomography and computed tomography arthrography of the cranial cruciate ligament, menisci and cranial meniscotibial ligaments in 10 radiographically normal canine cadaver stifles

et al. 2019

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Background Bilateral non-traumatic cranial cruciate disease is frequently seen in originally unilateral cruciate pathology. Untreated cranial cruciate ligament disease and concurrent meniscal lesions cause progressive osteoarthritis and pain of the stifle joint. Early presurgical diagnosis is important, but remains difficult. The purpose of this ex vivo study was (1) to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of the canine cranial cruciate ligament (CrCrL), menisci and meniscal ligaments using a high-frequency linear transducer, (2) to determine the length of the CrCrL seen on ultrasonography (US) and (3) to describe and compare the appearance of the CrCrL, menisci and meniscal ligaments on US, computed tomography (CT) and computed tomography arthrography (CTA). Results US and CT examinations were performed on 10 radiographically normal cadaveric stifles of adult dogs weighing more than 15 kg, followed by macroscopic and histologic evaluations. The CrCrL had a parallel hyperechoic fibrillar pattern at the insertion on the tibia and a hypoechoic structure more proximally in all stifles. This pattern was visible over 35% (median) of the total length of the ligament, with 50% (median) of the total length CrCrL that could be outlined. All medial menisci and 8 out of 10 of the lateral menisci showed hypoechoic lines within their bodies oriented obliquely to the direction of the ultrasound beam. Fifteen of the 20 cranial meniscotibial ligaments were detected, showing a hyperechoic fibrillar pattern. Normal macro- and microscopic appearance was observed in all menisci, with the radial bundles of collagen fibers at the level of and with similar orientation as the intrameniscal hypoechoic lines on US. The CrCrL, menisci and meniscal ligaments were of intermediate density on CT, but marked improvement of the border detection was obtained using CTA. Contrast within the CrCrL was observed in 4/10 stifles using CT and confirmed in 3/4 stifles on histology. One of these ligaments had a partial tear (5–10%) on macroscopic evaluation. None of the menisci showed any abnormalities on CTA. Conclusions Normal canine menisci are heterogeneous on high-frequency US and a fibrillar pattern may be observed in the cranial meniscotibial ligaments and the distal portion of the CrCrL. Linear areas of contrast may be detected within the cranial cruciate ligament of radiographically normal stifles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-frequency ultrasound, computed tomography and computed tomography arthrography of the cranial cruciate ligament, menisci and cranial meniscotibial ligaments in 10 radiographically normal canine cadaver stifles

et al. 2019

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“…The ovaries were identified near the caudal pole of the ipsilateral kidney. Their location was facilitated by the appearance of the edge artefact dorsal to each ovary (Davidson & Baker, 2009;Gatel, Gory, Chalvet-Monfray, Saunders, & Rault, 2016). Longitudinal and transverse diameters of the ovaries were measured and all anechoic spherical structures were considered to be antral follicles (Malandain et al, 2011; Figure 1).…”

Section: Ovarian Ultrasonographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic evaluation of ovarian morphology and blood flow in prepubertal and pubertal cats

Vercellini

Gobello

D'Francisco

et al. 2018

Reprod Domestic Animals

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The aim of this study was to evaluate two‐dimensional and Doppler ultrasonographic changes of feline ovaries before and during puberty. Nine, 3‐month‐old female cats were followed until puberty (Day 1). Two‐dimensional and Doppler ultrasound evaluations of the ovaries were carried out on Days ‐50, ‐20, ‐7 and 1. Longitudinal and transverse sections of the ovaries were measured and all anechoic spherical structures were considered to be follicles. The number of follicles >1 mm and the maximum diameter of the largest follicle were recorded. Peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity of intraovarian arteries were also measured to automatically calculate the resistive index (RI). The mean ovarian longitudinal diameter increased gradually throughout the study from 8.6 to 10.7 mm (p < 0.05). While four cats presented multiple anechoic spherical structures <1 mm diameter throughout the study, the remaining five animals had these structures only on Days ‐50 and ‐20. On Days ‐20, ‐7 and 1, the mean number of follicles were 1.4 ± 0.7, 2.5 ± 0.8 and 4.8 ± 1 respectively (p < 0.01). The largest follicles at the same time points were 1.1 ± 0.2 mm, 1.9 ± 0.3 mm and 2.6 ± 0.5 mm respectively (p < 0.05). The RI of the intraovarian arteries declined throughout the study period (p < 0.01). It is concluded that, in female cats, ovarian dimensions, follicle number and intraovarian blood flow increased from 3 months of age to puberty.

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“…The lumen of uterus can be seen hyperechoic because of mucus, or hypoechoic to anechoic if there is fluid fill in it (Davidson & Baker 2009). The outer part, hyperechoic layer is serosa (Gatel et al 2016). The uterus is seen thicker in proestrus and estrus as the effects of the estrogen and the presence of fluid in it (Davidson & Baker 2009), as shown in Figure 3b.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic and vaginal cytological diagnostics of the Queen

Pertiwi¹,

Tumbelaka²,

Ulum³

2018

JITV

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Ultrasonography is a diagnostic method to image the conditions of reproductive organs and it could be supported by vaginal cytology to identify the activities of the ovaries by the types of vaginal exfoliate cells. The aims of this study was to observe reproduction organ through ultrasonography with supportive diagnostic with vaginal cytological assessment. A total of 10 individual queens were used in this study and then grouped into intact group (n=5) and spayed (ovariohysterectomy) group (n=5) based on the anamneses or their medical history. The vagina, cervix, uterus body and horns, and ovaries were imaged and measured by ultrasound. Vagina, uterine body and horn seem as pipe-like structures with hyperechoic outer lines. The lumen in uterine body and horn seem as a hyperechoic structure. The ovaries seem as round- or oval-shaped structures with anechoic follicles. The corpus luteal has thick wall and seen as anechoic in its centre part. The corpus albicans seems as a hyperechoic structure. The vagina of spayed queens seemed more corrugated than those intact queens. The cervix is seen as a hyperechoic structure linking the vagina and uterine body. Exfoliate vaginal epithelial cell types were then also be identified and counted on each queens. The results of vaginal cytology showed that proestrus occured in 3 intact queens, late metestrus in 1 intact and 3 spayed queens, anestrus in 1 spayed queen, and unidentifiable estrus stage in 1 intact and 1 spayed queens. Moreover, the morphology of cervix and uterine was affected by the activity of ovary.

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Intra- and inter-observer variability in ultrasonographical measurements of the uterus and ovaries in healthy, non-pregnant queens

Abstract: The ovaries and uterine horns in queens are accessible ultrasonographically at any stage of their cycle, and can be measured with low intra- and inter-observer variabilities.

Cited by 10 publications

References 29 publications

High-frequency ultrasound, computed tomography and computed tomography arthrography of the cranial cruciate ligament, menisci and cranial meniscotibial ligaments in 10 radiographically normal canine cadaver stifles

High-frequency ultrasound, computed tomography and computed tomography arthrography of the cranial cruciate ligament, menisci and cranial meniscotibial ligaments in 10 radiographically normal canine cadaver stifles

Ultrasonographic evaluation of ovarian morphology and blood flow in prepubertal and pubertal cats

Ultrasonographic and vaginal cytological diagnostics of the Queen

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