Intestinal Water Absorption From Select Carbohydrate Solutions in Humans

Gisolfi, C. V.; Summers, R. W.; Schedl, Harold P.; Bleiler, Timothy

doi:10.1249/00005768-199205001-00940

Cited by 13 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…When the data are analyzed separately by gut segment (duodenojejunum vs. jejunum), water transport is not correlated with either total solute or CHO transport in the duodenojejunum but is highly correlated with total solute transport in the jejunum. This finding is in agreement with the evidence from previous studies (Fordtran et al, 1961;Gisolfi et al, 1992;Malawer, 1965;Shi, 1994), suggesting the important role of total solute absorption for influencing water absorption, and can probably be explained by two factors: (a) The jejunum is less permeable to water than the leaky duodenum, and (b) the jejunum has more transporters for CHO and electrolytes, and water transport can be facilitated by activating various transporters and opening tight junctions for "solvent drag" (Madara & Pappenheimer, 1987;Madara et al, 1992;Pappenheimer & Reiss, 1987).…”

Section: Water Absorptionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…This is in agreement with previous findings that increasing CHO concentration in a CHO-E solution increased the osmolality and decreased water absorption (Cunha Ferreira et al, 1987;Rolston, Borodo, Kelly, Dawson, & Farthing, 1987). This inverse relationship became even more significant when the solution CHO concentration reached 8% and above for glucose or G3 (the corn-syrup solids contained many different short chains of glucose polymer; Gisolfi et al, 1992). Our analysis also further implies that the inverse correlation between water absorption and CHO concentration is influenced by the unique anatomical structures of the small intestine and solute transport promoted by multiple CHOs.…”

Section: Water Absorptionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Hypotonic solutions (~200 mOsm/kg) produce greater water absorption than iso-or hypertonic solutions (Hunt et al, 1989;Hunt, Thillainayagam, et al, 1992). A hypertonic glucose-electrolyte solution (440-631 mOsm/kg) produces net secretion of fluid in the human jejunum (Leiper & Maughan, 1986) and duodenojejunum (Gisolfi et al, 1992;Shi et al, 1995). However, there were some exceptions found in previous studies that reported that isotonic CHO-E solutions promote greater water absorption than distilled water (Gisolfi et al, 1990;Leiper & Maughan, 1986).…”

Section: Water Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water and Solute Absorption From Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solutions in the Human Proximal Small Intestine: A Review and Statistical Analysis

Shi

Passe²

2010

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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The purpose of this study is to summarize water, carbohydrate (CHO), and electrolyte absorption from carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) solutions based on all of the triple-lumen-perfusion studies in humans since the early 1960s. The current statistical analysis included 30 reports from which were obtained information on water absorption, CHO absorption, total solute absorption, CHO concentration, CHO type, osmolality, sodium concentration, and sodium absorption in the different gut segments during exercise and at rest. Mean differences were assessed using independent-samples t tests. Exploratory multiple-regression analyses were conducted to create prediction models for intestinal water absorption. The factors influencing water and solute absorption are carefully evaluated and extensively discussed. The authors suggest that in the human proximal small intestine, water absorption is related to both total solute and CHO absorption; osmolality exerts various impacts on water absorption in the different segments; the multiple types of CHO in the ingested CHO-E solutions play a critical role in stimulating CHO, sodium, total solute, and water absorption; CHO concentration is negatively related to water absorption; and exercise may result in greater water absorption than rest. A potential regression model for predicting water absorption is also proposed for future research and practical application. In conclusion, water absorption in the human small intestine is influenced by osmolality, solute absorption, and the anatomical structures of gut segments. Multiple types of CHO in a CHO-E solution facilitate water absorption by stimulating CHO and solute absorption and lowering osmolality in the intestinal lumen.Keywords: exercise, intestinal perfusion, sports drink, osmolality Water, carbohydrate (CHO), and electrolyte (E) absorption have been investigated in humans at rest and during exercise using a triple-lumen tube intubationperfusion technique beginning in the early 1960s (Fordtran, Levitan, Bikerman, & Burrows, 1961;Fordtran & Saltin, 1967). The triple-lumen tube intubation-perfusion technique provides a precise measurement of transport rate of water and solute in vivo at a specific intestinal site. The measurement condition is kept under a physiologic functional state. Although this technique has been recognized as a gold standard for measuring intestinal water and solute absorption and is extensively used by many investigators to study intestinal transport mechanisms, gut permeability, and the efficacy of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) and sports drinks, there are still some limitations under certain conditions, such as bypassing gastric emptying, not measuring transport of the solution being perfused, and absorption of "nonabsorbed" marker (PEG 3600 or 4000; Schedl, Maughan, & Gisolfi, 1994).Although water and solute absorption under conditions of segmental perfusion of an isotonic solution are Metabolism, 2010, 20, 427-442 © 2010 Shi is with Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Inc., Barrington, IL. Pas...

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Section: Water Absorptionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Water Absorptionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Water Absorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water and Solute Absorption From Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solutions in the Human Proximal Small Intestine: A Review and Statistical Analysis

Shi

Passe²

2010

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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“…Significantly different from baseline (preexercise) time point for *control and ⌿ electrolyte treatments, P Յ 0.05. supplement. The dextrose concentration (31 mmol/l) of the Perform'N Win supplement serves as a direct source of glucose to provide cellular energy to subserve increased rates of epithelial transport of Na ϩ and water across the small intestine (15,18). Although the amount of dextrose administered with 8 liters of supplement (44 g) was insufficient to result in overall differences in plasma [glucose] compared with control, and significant glycemic responses to feeding occurred in both treatments, plasma [glucose] did increase faster with electrolyte supplementation, peaking at 1 h of recovery in the electrolyte treatment vs. 2 h of recovery in control (see Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid and electrolyte supplementation after prolonged moderate-intensity exercise enhances muscle glycogen resynthesis in Standardbred horses

Waller¹,

Heigenhauser²,

Geor³

et al. 2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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Waller AP, Heigenhauser GJ, Geor RJ, Spriet LL, Lindinger MI. Fluid and electrolyte supplementation after prolonged moderateintensity exercise enhances muscle glycogen resynthesis in Standardbred horses. J Appl Physiol 106: 91-100, 2009. First published October 23, 2008 doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90783.2008.-We hypothesized that postexercise rehydration using a hypotonic electrolyte solution will increase the rate of recovery of whole body hydration, and that this is associated with increased muscle glycogen and electrolyte recovery in horses. Gluteus medius biopsies and jugular venous blood were sampled from six exercise-conditioned Standardbreds on two separate occasions, at rest and for 24 h following a competitive exercise test (CET) designed to simulate the speed and endurance test of a 3-day event. After the CETs, horses were given water ad libitum, and either a hypotonic commercial electrolyte solution (electrolyte) via nasogastric tube, followed by a typical hay/grain meal, or a hay/grain meal alone (control). The CET resulted in decreased total body water and muscle glycogen concentration of 8.4 Ϯ 0.3 liters and 22.6%, respectively, in the control treatment, and 8.2 Ϯ 0.4 liters and 21.9% in the electrolyte treatment. Electrolyte resulted in an enhanced rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis and faster restoration of hydration (as evidenced by faster recovery of plasma protein concentration, maintenance of plasma osmolality, and greater muscle intracellular fluid volume) during the recovery period compared with control. There were no differences in muscle Na, K, Cl, or Mg contents between the two treatments. It is concluded that oral administration of a hypotonic electrolyte solution after prolonged moderate-intensity exercise enhanced the rate of muscle glycogen resynthesis during the recovery period compared with control. It is speculated that postexercise dehydration may be one key contributor to the slow muscle glycogen replenishment in horses. skeletal muscle; rehydration; exercise; instrumental neutron activation analysis IN THE HORSE, BOTH short-term, high-intensity, and prolonged submaximal exercise result in dehydration, loss of water and electrolytes, and depletion of skeletal muscle glycogen (23,30,31,52,53,56). Resynthesis of muscle glycogen stores requires 48 -72 h in horses, compared with 2.5 h in rats (16) and Ͻ24 h in humans (12). Previous studies in horses have altered postexercise nutrition strategies in attempts to enhance muscle glycogen resynthesis. Despite demonstrations that intravenous infusion of large amounts of glucose (3-6 g/kg) modestly accelerated muscle glycogen replenishment (14, 17), conventional feeding strategies have not been successful (23,(53)(54)(55). Initial glycogen resynthesis rates in horses after ingestion of meals with varying soluble carbohydrate (CHO) contents ranged from ϳ8 to ϳ12 mmol⅐kg dry wt Ϫ1 ⅐h Ϫ1 for mixed and high-soluble CHO diets, respectively. In contrast, in humans, initial glycogen storage rates are ϳ40 mmol⅐kg dry wt Ϫ1 ⅐h Ϫ1when at least 5 g/kg...

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“…Shi et al (1) demonstrated that perfusion of a hypotonic carbohydrate solution with an osmolality of 186 mOsm/kg resulted in a 17 % increase in the rate of water absorption relative to a hypertonic (403 mOsm/kg) carbohydrate solution. Similarly, Gisolfi et al (2) reported that a hypertonic 8 % carbohydrate solution (osmolality approximately 460 mOsm/kg) containing glucose resulted in reduced net water absorption relative to a hypotonic solution (osmolality approximately 270 mOsm/kg). These findings are supported by other segmental perfusion studies (3,4) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Acute effects of ingesting glucose solutions on blood and plasma volume

Evans

Shirreffs

Maughan

2008

BJN

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The change in blood and plasma volume following ingestion of glucose solutions of varying concentrations was estimated in twelve healthy male volunteers. Subjects consumed, within a 5 min period, 600 ml of a solution containing 0, 2, 5 or 10 % glucose with osmolalities of 0 (SD 0), 111 (SD 1), 266 (SD 7) and 565 (SD 5) mOsm/kg, respectively. Blood samples were collected over the course of 1 h after ingestion at intervals of 10 min. After ingestion of the 2 % glucose solution, plasma volume increased from baseline levels at 20 min. Plasma volume decreased from baseline levels at 10 and 60 min after ingestion of the 10 % glucose solution. Heart rate was elevated at 10 and 60 min after ingestion of the 10 % glucose solution and decreased at 30 and 40 min after ingestion of the 2 % glucose solution relative to the average heart rate recorded before drinking. It is concluded that ingestion of hypertonic, energy-dense glucose solutions results in a decrease in plasma and extracellular fluid volume, most likely due to the net secretion of water into the intestinal lumen. The osmolality of an ingested solution determines the osmotic gradient that is the driving force behind the movement of water across the intestinal wall and, therefore, is an important factor determining the direction and rate of water flux in the small intestine. Both rat and human models have suggested that intestinal water absorption is influenced by luminal osmolality, but the relationship will depend on the nature of the added solute. Shi et al. (1) demonstrated that perfusion of a hypotonic carbohydrate solution with an osmolality of 186 mOsm/kg resulted in a 17 % increase in the rate of water absorption relative to a hypertonic (403 mOsm/kg) carbohydrate solution. Similarly, Gisolfi et al. (2) reported that a hypertonic 8 % carbohydrate solution (osmolality approximately 460 mOsm/kg) containing glucose resulted in reduced net water absorption relative to a hypotonic solution (osmolality approximately 270 mOsm/kg). These findings are supported by other segmental perfusion studies (3,4) . Perfusion of hypertonic solutions can result in net secretion of water into the lumen. Leiper & Maughan (5) reported that perfusion of a hypertonic solution, with an osmolality of 488 (SD 53) mOsm/kg after transit through the 15 cm mixing segment of a multilumen tube, resulted in net efflux of water and electrolytes into the lumen over the 30 cm test segment of the intestine, whereas perfusion of an isotonic glucose-electrolyte solution promoted water and electrolyte uptake. Most intestinal absorption studies have assessed the net rate of water absorption using segmental perfusion techniques. Lambert et al. (6) showed that it is possible to investigate the intestinal absorption characteristics of an orally ingested solution if gastric emptying rate is kept relatively constant. However, investigations that directly perfuse the intestine may not accurately represent fluid absorption characteristics of ingested solutions due to changes in the composition of the sol...

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Intestinal Water Absorption From Select Carbohydrate Solutions in Humans

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Water and Solute Absorption From Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solutions in the Human Proximal Small Intestine: A Review and Statistical Analysis

Water and Solute Absorption From Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solutions in the Human Proximal Small Intestine: A Review and Statistical Analysis

Fluid and electrolyte supplementation after prolonged moderate-intensity exercise enhances muscle glycogen resynthesis in Standardbred horses

Acute effects of ingesting glucose solutions on blood and plasma volume

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