Water and Solute Absorption From Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solutions in the Human Proximal Small Intestine: A Review and Statistical Analysis

Shi, Xiaocai; Passe, Dennis H.

doi:10.1123/ijsnem.20.5.427

Cited by 26 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…The characteristics of upper intestinal water and electrolyte absorption are similar in rabbits (Love et al 1965), dogs (Bilchik et al 1994), sheep (Hyun et al 1995) and humans (Gisolfi et al 1988; Shi & Passe, 2010). Therefore, while upper intestinal water, electrolyte and glucose absorption remains to be adequately characterized in horses, the similarities amongst other monogastrics and sheep provides the basis for the supplement design and experimental design used in the present study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The standard electrolyte solution consisted of 32 g dissolved per litre of water to give the following measured (Nova Statprofile 5 blood gas and ion analyzer; Nova Biomedical, Waltham, MA, USA) concentrations (in mmol l −1 ): glucose, 31; Na + , 65.3; K + , 27.0; Cl − , 84.6; and Ca 2+ , 2.11; with a [HCO 3 − ] of 2.2 mmol l −1 , pH 7.43 and osmolarity of ∼220 mosmol l −1 . The lower than plasma concentration for Na + is to keep the osmolarity lower than body fluids so as to facilitate both gastric emptying and intestinal absorption of the solution, as has been shown in humans (Shi & Passe, 2010), and to minimize concerns about palatability of salty solutions. Solutions of high osmolarity are associated with slowed gastric emptying, less than optimal water and ion absorption rates, net water flux into the upper intestine and gastrointestinal upset in humans (Shi & Passe, 2010), and it was most desirable to avoid these complications.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lower than plasma concentration for Na + is to keep the osmolarity lower than body fluids so as to facilitate both gastric emptying and intestinal absorption of the solution, as has been shown in humans (Shi & Passe, 2010), and to minimize concerns about palatability of salty solutions. Solutions of high osmolarity are associated with slowed gastric emptying, less than optimal water and ion absorption rates, net water flux into the upper intestine and gastrointestinal upset in humans (Shi & Passe, 2010), and it was most desirable to avoid these complications.…”

Section: Electrolyte Supplementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gastric emptying, intestinal absorption of electrolytes and exercise performance in electrolyte‐supplemented horses

Lindinger

Ecker

2012

Experimental Physiology

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Horses lose considerably more electrolytes through sweating during prolonged exercise than can be readily replaced through feeds. The present study tested an oral electrolyte supplement (ES) designed to replace sweat electrolyte losses. We measured gastric emptying of 3 litres of ES (using gamma imaging of (99)Tc-sulfide colloid), the absorption of Na(+) and K(+) from the gastrointestinal tract using (24)Na(+) and (42)K(+), and the distribution of these ions in the body by measuring radioactivity within plasma and sweat during exercise. Three litres of ES emptied from the stomach as fast as water, with a half-time of 47 min, and appeared in plasma by 10 min after administration (n = 4 horses). Peak values of plasma (24)Na(+) and (42)K(+) radioactivity occurred at 20-40 min, and a more rapid disappearance of K(+) radioactivity from plasma was indicative of movement of K(+) into cells (n = 3 horses). In a randomized crossover experiment (n = 4 horses), 1 h after administration of placebo (water), 1 or 3 litres of ES containing (24)Na(+), horses exercised on a treadmill at 30% of peak oxygen uptake until voluntary fatigue. The (24)Na(+) appeared in sweat at 10 min of exercise, and when horses received 3 litres of ES the duration to voluntary fatigue was increased in all horses by 33 ± 10%. It is concluded that an oral ES designed to replace sweat ion losses was rapidly emptied from the gastrointestinal tract, rapidly absorbed in the upper intestinal tract and rapidly distributed within the body. The ES clearly served as a reservoir to replace sweat ion losses during exercise, and administration of ES prior to exercise resulted in increased duration of submaximal exercise.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electrolyte Supplementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gastric emptying, intestinal absorption of electrolytes and exercise performance in electrolyte‐supplemented horses

Lindinger

Ecker

2012

Experimental Physiology

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“…Although some differences between individual studies remain that might be explained in part by differences in total solute and carbohydrate composition, Shi and Passe (2010) concluded by statistical metaregression that overall osmolality plays a significant role in water absorption in the duodenojejunum. They found that solutions containing single carbohydrates have a higher negative correlation with water absorption than solutions containing multiple transportable carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose) and that this effect is greatest in the jejunum, with the negative correlation disappearing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unilateral Fluid Absorption and Effects on Peak Power After Ingestion of Commercially Available Hypotonic, Isotonic, and Hypertonic Sports Drinks

Rowlands¹,

Bonetti²,

Hopkins³

2011

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Isotonic sports drinks are often consumed to offset the effects of dehydration and improve endurance performance, but hypotonic drinks may be more advantageous. The purpose of the study was to compare absorption and effects on performance of a commercially available hypotonic sports drink (Mizone Rapid: 3.9% carbohydrate [CHO], 218 mOsmol/kg) with those of an isotonic drink (PowerAde: 7.6% CHO, 281 mOsmol/ kg), a hypertonic drink (Gatorade: 6% CHO, 327 mOsmol/kg), and a noncaloric placebo (8 mOsmol/kg). In a crossover, 11 cyclists consumed each drink on separate days at 250 ml/15 min during a 2-hr preload ride at 55% peak power followed by an incremental test to exhaustion. Small to moderate increases in deuterium oxide enrichment in the preload were observed with Mizone Rapid relative to PowerAde, Gatorade, and placebo (differences of 88, 45, and 42 parts per million, respectively; 90% confidence limits ±28). Serum osmolality was moderately lower with Mizone Rapid than with PowerAde and Gatorade (-1.9, -2.4; mOsmol/L; ±1.2 mOsmol/L) but not clearly different vs. placebo. Plasma volume reduction was small to moderate with Mizone Rapid, PowerAde, and Gatorade relative to placebo (-1.9%, -2.5%, -2.9%; ± 2.5%). Gut comfort was highest with Mizone Rapid but clearly different (8.4% ± 4.8%) only vs PowerAde. Peak power was highest with Mizone Rapid (380 W) vs. placebo and other drinks (1.2-3.0%; 99% confidence limits ±4.7%), but differences were inconclusive with reference to the smallest important effect (~1.2%). The outcomes are consistent with fastest fluid absorption with the hypotonic sports drink. Further research should determine whether the effect has a meaningful impact on performance.

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“…It does not appear that CHO ingestion simply exceeded the maximal rate of CHO absorption and/or oxidation of the participants, as in this case a similar intermittent endurance capacity between the HCHO and MCHO trials would have been expected. This requires further study, perhaps by focussing initially on potential modulators of CHO exo oxidation (Jeukendrup 2004;Shi and Passe 2010). However, it should also be noted that there was a larger variation in time to exhaustion values for the HCHO trial, perhaps representing a greater individual variation in response to this CHO dose.…”

Section: Time To Exhaustionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Beverage carbohydrate concentration influences the intermittent endurance capacity of adolescent team games players during prolonged intermittent running

et al. 2011

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This study investigated the influence of consuming a 2, 6, and 10% carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) solution on the intermittent endurance capacity and sprint performance of adolescent team games players. Seven participants (five males and two females; mean age 13.3 ± 0.5 years, height 1.71 ± 0.05 m, body mass (BM) 62.0 ± 6.3 kg) performed three trials separated by 3-7 days. In each trial, they completed four 15-min periods of part A of the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) followed by an intermittent run to exhaustion (part B). Participants consumed 5 ml kg(-1) BM of the solution during the 5-min pre-exercise period, and a further 2 ml kg(-1) BM every 15 min during part A of the LIST. Intermittent endurance capacity increased by 34% with ingestion of the 6% CHO-E solution compared with the 10% solution (5.5 ± 0.8 vs. 4.1 ± 1.5 min, P < 0.05), equating to a distance of 931 ± 172 versus 706 ± 272 m (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the 2% (4.8 ± 1.2 min) and 6% (P = 0.10) or the 2 and 10% solutions (P = 0.09). Carbohydrate concentration did not significantly influence mean 15-m sprint time (P = 0.38). These results suggest that the carbohydrate concentration of an ingested solution influences the intermittent endurance capacity of adolescent team games players with a 6% solution significantly more effective than a 10% solution.

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Water and Solute Absorption From Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solutions in the Human Proximal Small Intestine: A Review and Statistical Analysis

Cited by 26 publications

References 87 publications

Gastric emptying, intestinal absorption of electrolytes and exercise performance in electrolyte‐supplemented horses

Gastric emptying, intestinal absorption of electrolytes and exercise performance in electrolyte‐supplemented horses

Unilateral Fluid Absorption and Effects on Peak Power After Ingestion of Commercially Available Hypotonic, Isotonic, and Hypertonic Sports Drinks

Beverage carbohydrate concentration influences the intermittent endurance capacity of adolescent team games players during prolonged intermittent running

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