Intestinal microbes direct CX₃CR1⁺cells to balance intestinal immunity

Abstract

Intestinal damage driven by unrestricted immune responses against the intestinal microbiota can lead to the development of inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease. How such breakdown in tolerance occurs alongside the mechanisms to reinforce homeostasis with the microbiota are a focus of many studies. Our recent work demonstrates coordinated interactions between intact microbiota and CX 3 CR1 expressing intestinal antigen presenting cells (APCs) that limits T helper 1 cell responses and promotes differentiation of regulatory T cells (Treg) against intestinal antigens including pathogens, soluble proteins and the microbiota itself. We find a microbial attachment to intestinal epithelial cells is necessary to support these antiinflammatory immune functions. In this addendum, we discuss how our findings enhance understanding of microbiota-directed homeostatic functions of the intestinal immune system and implications of modulating this interaction in ameliorating inflammatory disease.

The Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolites in the Gut-Kidney-Heart Axis of Chronic Kidney Disease

“…Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) to capture antigens in the periphery for T cell activation. In the human gut, phagocytes are APCs, which can be distinguished on the basis of surface markers such as CD11, CCR6, CD103 and CX3CR1 (Swiatczak and Rescigno, 2012;Kim et al, 2019). These gut APCs are continuously exposed to microbial antigens, which lead to the maturation of intestinal immune system.…”

The Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolites in the Gut-Kidney-Heart Axis of Chronic Kidney Disease

“…Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) to capture antigens in the periphery for T cell activation. In the human gut, phagocytes are APCs, which can be distinguished on the basis of surface markers such as CD11, CCR6, CD103 and CX3CR1 [24,25]. These gut APCs are www.videleaf.com continuously exposed to microbial antigens, which lead to the maturation of intestinal immune system.…”