Intestinal Flora in New-Born Infants

Hall, Ivan C.; O'Toole, Elizabeth

doi:10.1001/archpedi.1935.01970020105010

Cited by 642 publications

(84 citation statements)

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“…Originally named Bacillus difficilis due to difficulties in cultivation in vitro, the bacterium was first described in 1935 as a component of the healthy neonatal intestinal microflora (5). Later, investigators verified its toxigenic potential through toxin studies in guinea pigs (6), and in the 1970s, work by John Bartlett et al…”

Section: Clostridium Difficile Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and Evolution in the Genome of Clostridium difficile

et al. 2015

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SUMMARY Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of antimicrobial and health care-associated diarrhea in humans, presenting a significant burden to global health care systems. In the last 2 decades, PCR- and sequence-based techniques, particularly whole-genome sequencing (WGS), have significantly furthered our knowledge of the genetic diversity, evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of this once enigmatic pathogen. C. difficile is taxonomically distinct from many other well-known clostridia, with a diverse population structure comprising hundreds of strain types spread across at least 6 phylogenetic clades. The C. difficile species is defined by a large diverse pangenome with extreme levels of evolutionary plasticity that has been shaped over long time periods by gene flux and recombination, often between divergent lineages. These evolutionary events are in response to environmental and anthropogenic activities and have led to the rapid emergence and worldwide dissemination of virulent clonal lineages. Moreover, genome analysis of large clinically relevant data sets has improved our understanding of CDI outbreaks, transmission, and recurrence. The epidemiology of CDI has changed dramatically over the last 15 years, and CDI may have a foodborne or zoonotic etiology. The WGS era promises to continue to redefine our view of this significant pathogen.

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Section: Clostridium Difficile Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and Evolution in the Genome of Clostridium difficile

et al. 2015

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“…difficile can readily be found in soil and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans. C. difficile colonization rates are as high as 50% in healthy infants and children Ͻ1 year of age (66,67), whereas 3% to 5% of healthy adults are colonized (67). Much higher rates of colonization, 10 to 50%, are seen in high-risk populations, such as hospitalized patients and long-term-care facility residents.…”

Section: Clostridium Difficilementioning

confidence: 99%

Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Diagnosis of Bacterial Gastroenteritis

2015

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SUMMARY Bacterial gastroenteritis is a disease that is pervasive in both the developing and developed worlds. While for the most part bacterial gastroenteritis is self-limiting, identification of an etiological agent by bacterial stool culture is required for the management of patients with severe or prolonged diarrhea, symptoms consistent with invasive disease, or a history that may predict a complicated course of disease. Importantly, characterization of bacterial enteropathogens from stool cultures in clinical laboratories is one of the primary means by which public health officials identify and track outbreaks of bacterial gastroenteritis. This article provides guidance for clinical microbiology laboratories that perform stool cultures. The general characteristics, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of key bacterial enteropathogens are summarized. Information regarding optimal specimen collection, transport, and processing and current diagnostic tests and testing algorithms is provided. This article is an update of Cumitech 12A (P. H. Gilligan, J. M. Janda, M. A. Karmali, and J. M. Miller, Cumitech 12A, Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial diarrhea, 1992).

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“…Following the discovery of C. difficile in 1935, it was thought to be the normal faecal flora of the newborns rather than pathogenic (Hall and O'Toole, 1935). But the preamble of broad spectrum antibiotics prompted the emergence of pseudomembranous colitis and it is now considered one of the serious cause of nosocomial infections since it is emerging in the human community and food animals (Rupnik et al, 2009).…”

Section: Clostridium Difficilementioning

confidence: 99%

Nosocomial Infections and their Surveillance in Veterinary Hospitals

Milton¹

2015

Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci.

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| Nosocomial, or hospital-acquired, infections are well-thought-out to be the most common problem affecting hospitalized human patients as well as veterinary patients. These are of great consequence in veterinary medicine and can have considerable adverse effects on the individual patient as well as on the veterinary hospital as a whole. Different infectious agents like MRSA, Cl. difficile, MDR E. coli, Salmonella spp. and many more are of prodigious significance in causing NIs. A surveillance and control measure for these NIs in veterinary settings needs to be addressed in future. This review consolidates some Nosocomial infections and the strategy for its surveillance in veterinary practice.

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Intestinal Flora in New-Born Infants

Cited by 642 publications

References 9 publications

Diversity and Evolution in the Genome of Clostridium difficile

Diversity and Evolution in the Genome of Clostridium difficile

Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Diagnosis of Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Nosocomial Infections and their Surveillance in Veterinary Hospitals

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