Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, Endotoxemia, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms: The ‘Canary in the Coal Mine’ during Exercise-Heat Stress?

Lambert, G. P.

doi:10.1159/000151550

Cited by 103 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Systemically, changes in intestinal integrity were accompanied by an increase in circulating endotoxin. Increased circulating endotoxin during HS has been reported in several previous studies (Hall et al, 2001a;Lambert, 2008;Wang et al, 2011;Pearce et al, 2013b) and our current results fit with previous data. Interestingly, we also observed a decrease in circulating LBP.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Short-term exposure to heat stress attenuates appetite and intestinal integrity in growing pigs1

Pearce

Fernández

Hollis

et al. 2014

Journal of Animal Science

144

111

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Acute heat stress (HS) and heat stroke can be detrimental to the health, well-being, and performance of mammals such as swine. Therefore, our objective was to chronologically characterize how a growing pig perceives and initially copes with a severe heat load. Crossbred gilts (n=32; 63.8±2.9 kg) were subjected to HS conditions (37°C and 40% humidity) with ad libitum intake for 0, 2, 4, or 6 h (n=8/time point). Rectal temperature (Tr), respiration rates (RR), and feed intake were determined every 2 h. Pigs were euthanized at each time point and fresh ileum and colon samples were mounted into modified Ussing chambers to assess ex vivo intestinal integrity and function. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FD4) permeability were assessed. As expected, Tr increased linearly over time (P<0.001) with the highest temperature observed at 6 h of HS. Compared to the 0-h thermal-neutral (TN) pigs, RR increased (230%; P<0.001) in the first 2 h and remained elevated over the 6 h of HS (P<0.05). Feed intake was dramatically reduced due to HS and this corresponded with significant changes in plasma glucose, ghrelin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (P<0.050). At as early as 2 h of HS, ileum TER linearly decreased (P<0.01), while FD4 linearly increased with time (P<0.05). Colon TER and FD4 changed due to HS in quadratic responses over time (P=0.050) similar to the ileum but were less pronounced. In response to HS, ileum and colon heat shock protein (HSP) 70 mRNA and protein abundance increased linearly over time (P<0.050). Altogether, these data indicated that a short duration of HS (2-6 h) compromised feed intake and intestinal integrity in growing pigs. KeywordsAnimal Science, appetite, heat stress, intestinal integrity, swine ABSTRACT: Acute heat stress (HS) and heat stroke can be detrimental to the health, well-being, and performance of mammals such as swine. Therefore, our objective was to chronologically characterize how a growing pig perceives and initially copes with a severe heat load. Crossbred gilts (n = 32; 63.8 ± 2.9 kg) were subjected to HS conditions (37°C and 40% humidity) with ad libitum intake for 0, 2, 4, or 6 h (n = 8/time point). Rectal temperature (T r ), respiration rates (RR), and feed intake were determined every 2 h. Pigs were euthanized at each time point and fresh ileum and colon samples were mounted into modified Ussing chambers to assess ex vivo intestinal integrity and function. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran (FD4) permeability were assessed. As expected, T r increased linearly over time (P < 0.001) with the highest temperature observed at 6 h of HS. Compared to the 0-h thermal-neutral (TN) pigs, RR increased (230%; P < 0.001) in the first 2 h and remained elevated over the 6 h of HS (P < 0.05). Feed intake was dramatically reduced due to HS and this corresponded with significant changes in plasma glucose, ghrelin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (P < ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Short-term exposure to heat stress attenuates appetite and intestinal integrity in growing pigs1

Pearce

Fernández

Hollis

et al. 2014

Journal of Animal Science

144

111

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“…Physical variables were as follows: mean age: 25 y (range: 19-33 y); mean 6 SEM height: 1.78 6 0.02 m; body mass: 80. 1 (9), on day 25 of each arm to ensure the consistency of the 80% of the V : O 2 max protocol on days 2 and 14 ( Figures 1 and 2).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One product that is already commercially available is zinc carnosine (ZnC), in which zinc and carnosine are linked in a polymeric one-to-one ratio, and is currently marketed as a zinc dietary supplement with "added value for gastric health." The combination of zinc with 1 The authors reported no funding received for this study. Colostrum was donated by Colostrum UK.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zinc carnosine works with bovine colostrum in truncating heavy exercise–induced increase in gut permeability in healthy volunteers

Davison

Marchbank

March

et al. 2016

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…In addition to dietary nutrients, systemic increases in intestinally derived endotoxin can be attributed to environmental and immunological Stressors. Hyperthennia increases intestinal permeability and, presumably, intestinal endotoxin transport (Lambert, 2004(Lambert, , 2008Pearce et al, 2011). Plasma antibodies to endotoxin are inversely related to growth in malnourished young children and are associated with increased intestinal permeability and systemic immune system activation (Campbell et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT SYMPOSIUM: Endotoxin, inflammation, and intestinal function in livestock1,2

Mani

Weber

Baumgard

et al. 2012

Journal of Animal Science

151

131

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Endotoxin, also referred to as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), can stimulate localized or systemic inflammation via the activation of pattern recognition receptors. Additionally, endotoxin and inflammation can regulate intestinal epithelial function by altering integrity, nutrient transport, and utilization. The gastrointestinal tract is a large reservoir of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, of which the gram-negative bacteria serve as a source of endotoxin. Luminal endotoxin can enter circulation via two routes: 1) nonspecific paracellular transport through epithelial cell tight junctions, and 2) transcellular transport through lipid raft membrane domains involving receptor-mediated endocytosis. Paracellular transport of endotoxin occurs through dissociation of tight junction protein complexes resulting in reduced intestinal barrier integrity, which can be a result of enteric disease, inflammation, or environmental and metabolic stress. Transcellular transport, via specialized membrane regions rich in glycolipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, and saturated fatty acids, is a result of raft recruitment of endotoxin-related signaling proteins leading to endotoxin signaling and endocytosis. Both transport routes and sensitivity to endotoxin may be altered by diet and environmental and metabolic stresses. Intestinal-derived endotoxin and inflammation result in suppressed appetite, activation of the immune system, and partitioning of energy and nutrients away from growth toward supporting the immune system requirements. In livestock, this leads to the suppression of growth, particularly suppression of lean tissue accretion. In this paper, we summarize the evidence that intestinal transport of endotoxin and the subsequent inflammation leads to decrease in the production performance of agricultural animals and we present an overview of endotoxin detoxification mechanisms in livestock.

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Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, Endotoxemia, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms: The ‘Canary in the Coal Mine’ during Exercise-Heat Stress?

Cited by 103 publications

References 26 publications

Short-term exposure to heat stress attenuates appetite and intestinal integrity in growing pigs1

Short-term exposure to heat stress attenuates appetite and intestinal integrity in growing pigs1

Zinc carnosine works with bovine colostrum in truncating heavy exercise–induced increase in gut permeability in healthy volunteers

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT SYMPOSIUM: Endotoxin, inflammation, and intestinal function in livestock1,2

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