Interpretation of Viscometer Test Results for Polymer Support Fluids

Lam, Carlos; Jefferis, Stephan A.

doi:10.1061/9780784413449.043

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…A non-linear behavior is observed for all samples. Samples containing 2% w/v obtained after 24 h of reaction show a clear Bingham behavior[ 34 ]. Results also show a decrease of the equivalent viscosity by increasing the alginate concentration for samples obtained after 24 h of reaction, while no trend was observed for samples obtained after 8 h of reaction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and characterization of a photocurable alginate bioink for three-dimensional bioprinting

H¹,

Cooper²,

Bartolo³

2019

IJB

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Alginate is a biocompatible material suitable for biomedical applications, which can be processed under mild conditions upon irradiation. This paper investigates the preparation and the rheological behaviour of different pre-polymerised and polymerised alginate-methacrylate systems for 3D photopolymerisation bioprinting. The effect of the functionalization time on the mechanical, morphological, swelling and degradation characteristics of crosslinked alginate hydrogel is also discussed. Alginate was chemically-modified with methacrylate groups and different reaction times considered. Photocurable alginate systems were prepared by dissolving functionalized alginate with 0.5-1.5% photoinitiator solution and crosslinked by ultraviolet (UV) light (8 mW/cm2).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and characterization of a photocurable alginate bioink for three-dimensional bioprinting

H¹,

Cooper²,

Bartolo³

2019

IJB

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“…Time taken for rotation (s), temperature (Fahrenheit) and rate of rotation (RPM) were set. Following that, shear stress and viscosity values for different RPM settings of 600 RPM, 300 RPM, 3 RPM (after 10 s of rest) and 3 RPM (After 10 min of rest) were taken (Lam and Jefferis 2014). From those values, the following calculations in Table 2 were made:…”

Section: Viscometer Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of salts and haematite on carboxymethyl cellulose–bentonite and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide–bentonite muds for an effective drilling in shale formations

Kuma

Das

Talukdar

2019

J Petrol Explor Prod Technol

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A common issue encountered by drilling engineers during drilling operation in oil and gas industries is that simple waterbased muds are not suitable for deeper depth and certain clay-swelling formations. Another option as to increasing the density of the drilling mud which brings about an increase in filtration loss, additives may be added to improve the fluid properties. This paper aims on determining the effectiveness of common salts, sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl), and haematite on the rheological properties of optimized carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-bentonite and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA)-bentonite muds. Both CMC and PHPA polymer act as fluid loss-reducing agents and viscosifiers for normal bentonite water-based mud. The mud is further enhanced to counter certain swelling formations such as shale through the addition of NaCl and KCl. These salts inhibit the shale formation from swelling through its ions by entering the lattice of the drilling mud or formation instead of the water ions. Haematite, on the other hand, basically functions to increase mud density and acts as a substitute for barite. The effect of haematite on drilling fluid was studied because it gives higher degree of rheological parameters and increases density as compared to barite. So, an optimized concentration of additives was determined for both CMC-bentonite and PHPA-bentonite mud systems, respectively. Three grams of KCl and 3 g haematite were used for CMC-bentonite mud, while 3 g KCl and 1 g haematite were added into PHPA-bentonite mud. Both these muds have shown swelling reduction as compared to those without the use of additives. Moreover, they exhibited Herschel-Bulkley fluid behaviour according to the power law model where their 'n' value was less than 1, while their yield points were more than zero. Since shale sloughing is a major problem faced during drilling operation, it leads to major complications in drilling. So, finally, both the formulated drilling fluids are tested to analyse their effect in shale formations by static immersion test. The shale rock was collected from Champhai District of Mizoram. Both the formulated muds exhibited great results as swelling in shale rock was reduced for both muds and optimum rheological values were maintained.

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“…A more accurate method would be to plot a rheogram with a shear rate and shear stress as was used by Ho et al [37] and Srivatsa et al [38] despite the fact that Ho et al [37] used a more advanced rheometer instead of FANN ® viscometer. Although some calculations are needed, the rheogram of shear stress vs shear rate can be plotted by converting the FANN ® viscometer reading into shear stress and shear rate as explained by Lam and Je eris [39]. Rheological properties behaviour can then be explained by interpreting the curve in the rheogram.…”

Section: Rheological Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Degree of Dispersion of Noncovalent Functionalized Graphene Nanoplatelets on Rheological Behaviour of Aqueous Drilling Fluids

Ibrahim

Ridha

Amer

et al. 2019

International Journal of Chemical Engineering

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Application of carbon nanomaterials in oil well drilling fluid has been previously studied and was found to enhance its filtration properties. There is a general consensus that addition of colloids in suspension will alter its rheology, i.e., carbon nanomaterials, in this research work; graphene nanoplatelets are hydrophobic materials, which require functionalisation to improve its dispersion in aqueous solution. However, different degrees of dispersion may vary the rheological properties behaviour of drilling fluid. The objective of this study was to characterize the colloidal dispersion of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) in aqueous solution and its impact on the rheological properties behaviour of water-based drilling fluid. Dispersion of graphene nanoplatelets was achieved through noncovalent functionalisation by means of surfactant attachment. UV-visible spectroscopy was employed to analyze the dispersion of GNP in aqueous solution. The rheological test was carried out using a simple direct-indicating viscometer at six different speeds. Results revealed that the degree of dispersion of GNP using Triton X-100 was generally higher than both SDS and DTAB. Comparison between the rheological properties behaviour of drilling fluid with GNP dispersed using different surfactants shows little to no difference at low shear rates. At high shear rates, however, greater dispersion of GNP shows higher thinning properties while fluid with a low dispersion of GNP exhibited linear behaviour to thickening properties.

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Interpretation of Viscometer Test Results for Polymer Support Fluids

Cited by 19 publications

References 3 publications

Development and characterization of a photocurable alginate bioink for three-dimensional bioprinting

Development and characterization of a photocurable alginate bioink for three-dimensional bioprinting

The effect of salts and haematite on carboxymethyl cellulose–bentonite and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide–bentonite muds for an effective drilling in shale formations

Influence of Degree of Dispersion of Noncovalent Functionalized Graphene Nanoplatelets on Rheological Behaviour of Aqueous Drilling Fluids

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