Interpolative Centroiding in CCD-Based Image Photon Counting Systems

Boksenberg, A.; Coleman, C. I.; Fordham, J. L. A.; Shortridge, Keith

doi:10.1016/s0065-2539(08)61601-7

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…However, for single photon counting applications, a maximum of one photon is collected per pixel per frame, and with photon counting approaches where the photon events cover an area bigger than one pixel, the resolution of the image does not need to be limited by the sensor pixel size. A characteristic feature of this method is the possibility of employing a centroiding technique, where the position of a photon event can be determined with sub-pixel accuracy [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ]. With EB-sensors, centroiding can be used to recover the resolution lost in the electron diffusion process, and the resolution of the image is then limited by the photoelectron trajectories from the photocathode to the sensor, governed by the proximity focussing principle [ 26 ].…”

Section: Experimental Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The algorithms employed for event centroiding in photon counting imaging were originally developed for implementation in hardware and are based on a simple center-of-mass calculation [ 52 ]. The centroiding is nowadays done in software but the algorithms employed in photon counting imaging are still usually simple, one-iteration algorithms [ 3 ].…”

Section: Experimental Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Photon Counting Imaging with an Electron-Bombarded Pixel Image Sensor

Hirvonen

Suhling

2016

Sensors

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Electron-bombarded pixel image sensors, where a single photoelectron is accelerated directly into a CCD or CMOS sensor, allow wide-field imaging at extremely low light levels as they are sensitive enough to detect single photons. This technology allows the detection of up to hundreds or thousands of photon events per frame, depending on the sensor size, and photon event centroiding can be employed to recover resolution lost in the detection process. Unlike photon events from electron-multiplying sensors, the photon events from electron-bombarded sensors have a narrow, acceleration-voltage-dependent pulse height distribution. Thus a gain voltage sweep during exposure in an electron-bombarded sensor could allow photon arrival time determination from the pulse height with sub-frame exposure time resolution. We give a brief overview of our work with electron-bombarded pixel image sensor technology and recent developments in this field for single photon counting imaging, and examples of some applications.

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Section: Experimental Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photon Counting Imaging with an Electron-Bombarded Pixel Image Sensor

Hirvonen

Suhling

2016

Sensors

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“…• Counting pulses in an image: centroiding algorithms are used to locate the point spread functions (pulses) in an ICMOS image [8,9]. These pulses are then used as the camera count response as shown in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This noise is attributed to an electronic background interference (EBI) of the intensifier [3,12]. Pulses (also referred to as events) are attributed to the phosphor response as the result of electrons hitting the anode phosphor plane of the anode of the intensifier [3,9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opto-Electronics Review

Coetzer,

West

2021

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Solar-blind ultraviolet cameras with image intensifier with CMOS detector typically use various count methodologies to measure the optical energy of an electrical corona. However, these count methodologies are non-radiometric without considering parameters such as distance, focus-, zoom-, and gain setting of a camera. An algorithm which considers the calibration and radiometric measurement of optical energy for the slow frame rate intensifier type cameras is presented. Furthermore, it is shown how these calibration data together with the flowcharts are used for the conversion from raw measured data to radiometric energy values.

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“…A characteristic feature of the photon counting imaging technique is the possibility of calculating the true position of a photon event that covers several pixels with subpixel accuracy – a process termed centroiding [9] , [10] , [11] . The original centroiding algorithms, based on a simple center-of-mass calculation [11] , were developed for implementation in hardware. With the advent of more powerful computers, it became possible to implement increasingly complex centroiding algorithms based on fitting the photon event in software.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photon counting imaging and centroiding with an electron-bombarded CCD using single molecule localisation software

Hirvonen

Barber

Suhling

2016

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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Photon event centroiding in photon counting imaging and single-molecule localisation in super-resolution fluorescence microscopy share many traits. Although photon event centroiding has traditionally been performed with simple single-iteration algorithms, we recently reported that iterative fitting algorithms originally developed for single-molecule localisation fluorescence microscopy work very well when applied to centroiding photon events imaged with an MCP-intensified CMOS camera. Here, we have applied these algorithms for centroiding of photon events from an electron-bombarded CCD (EBCCD). We find that centroiding algorithms based on iterative fitting of the photon events yield excellent results and allow fitting of overlapping photon events, a feature not reported before and an important aspect to facilitate an increased count rate and shorter acquisition times.

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Interpolative Centroiding in CCD-Based Image Photon Counting Systems

Cited by 10 publications

References 4 publications

Photon Counting Imaging with an Electron-Bombarded Pixel Image Sensor

Photon Counting Imaging with an Electron-Bombarded Pixel Image Sensor

Opto-Electronics Review

Photon counting imaging and centroiding with an electron-bombarded CCD using single molecule localisation software

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