Interplays between inflammasomes and viruses, bacteria (pathogenic and probiotic), yeasts and parasites

Abstract

Highlights The host activates inflammasome formation as a defence response to specific pathogenic microorganisms. Pathogens using virulence factors may antagonize inflammasome pathways. Probiotic bacteria do not impact inflammasome activity in healthy individuals. Probiotics activate inflammasomes when organisms have previously experienced some degree of inflammation.

G6PD deficiency, redox homeostasis, and viral infections: implications for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

“…The inflammasome is part of the innate immune system that regulates effector cells during inflammation [104][105][106][107]. Inflammasomes are cytosolic protein complexes consisting of multiple oligomeric molecules that detect cell-damaging agents and pathogenic factors by recognizing danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), respectively [104]. Through cleavage of pro-IL-1b and pro-IL-18, they promote the secretion of the active forms of IL-1b and IL-18.…”

Probiotic Effects against Virus Infections: New Weapons for an Old War

“…The immune system detects pathogens in multiple ways, and there are two first-line of defense systems against viruses: The production of Type I interferons and interleukins (IL) IL-1β and IL-18 by inflammasomes. On the one hand, type I interferons promote an antiviral state in the infected host, and on the other hand, cytokines, including IL, induce inflammatory processes and modulate immune responses, producing antiviral effects [ 24 ]. For this reason, probiotic bacteria can regulate the activation of the inflammasome in organisms that have previously suffered inflammation due to viral infections.…”

“…For this reason, probiotic bacteria can regulate the activation of the inflammasome in organisms that have previously suffered inflammation due to viral infections. [ 24 ].…”

Inflammasome Activation-Induced Hypercoagulopathy: Impact on Cardiovascular Dysfunction Triggered in COVID-19 Patients

“…It involves immune cells and recognizes foreign agents through different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors, RIG-like helicase (RLR), cytosolic DNA sensors, and members of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family [ 1 , 2 ]. Containing a NOD domain, a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, and a pyrin domain, the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) protein is the most extensively characterized NLR to date, although there are numerous NLRs identified so far [ 3 , 4 ]. Inflammasomes are large multiprotein intracellular complexes that play a central role in the innate immune response of the host [ 5 ].…”

“…Following activation, these proinflammatory cytokines induce inflammation in the host, as part of the response, against microorganisms or foreign substances. Active caspase-1 additionally triggers pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death by which host immune cells eliminate foreign invaders [ 1 , 3 , 6 ]. On the other hand, the non-canonical pathway involves caspase-4 and caspase-5, which directly trigger pyroptosis.…”