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Evolution of clinical and environmental health applications of exhaled breath research: Review of methods and instrumentation for gas-phase, condensate, and aerosols

“…Canisters are advantageous for breath sample collection because they are durable and easy to use. 66 However, a disadvantage of canisters is their high cost, the need for prior evacuation before sampling, and requirements for specialized cleaning equipment. 28 Electropolished SUMMA canisters have been used to collect alveolar breath samples in 1 L volumes with parts-per-billion by volume (ppbv) sensitivity.…”

“…28 Electropolished SUMMA canisters have been used to collect alveolar breath samples in 1 L volumes with parts-per-billion by volume (ppbv) sensitivity. 66 After releasing the dead-space air at the end of a breath, the individual opens the canister valve and expires the reserve air from the lungs into the canister before closing it. Most VOCs are stable in canisters for at least 30 days after sample collection.…”

“…67 Canisters have been used to analyze compounds in breath to determine exposure to VOCs in groundwater, gasoline, and swimming pools. 68,66,69,70,71…”

“…The current state of thought is that dogs must be detecting compounds in EBA, as the VOCs in exhaled air would quickly dissipate within the environment. 276 For an extensive review of canine olfaction for breath research, see Pirrone et al 277…”

“…The use of high-resolution mass spectrometry, including GC × GC-MS and GC-time-of-flight (TOF)-MS, can alleviate this problem for non-targeted analysis. 8 However, the wide range of available analytical techniques and target compounds make it difficult to apply universal standards for sampling and analysis that are suitable across all methods. 7 Despite these challenges, breath research has made many advances in both analytical techniques and health-related applications throughout its history.…”