Internet of Things for Sustainability: Perspectives in Privacy, Cybersecurity, and Future Trends

Abstract

In the sustainability IoT, the cybersecurity risks to things, sensors, and monitoring systems are distinct from the conventional networking systems in many aspects. The interaction of sustainability IoT with the physical world phenomena (e.g., weather, climate, water, and oceans) is mostly not found in the modern information technology systems. Accordingly, actuation, the ability of these devices to make changes in real world based on sensing and monitoring, requires special consideration in terms of privacy and security. Moreover, the energy efficiency, safety, power, performance requirements of these device distinguish them from conventional computers systems. In this chapter, the cybersecurity approaches towards sustainability IoT are discussed in detail. The sustainability IoT risk categorization, risk mitigation goals, and implementation aspects are analyzed. The openness paradox and data dichotomy between privacy and sharing is analyzed. Accordingly, the IoT technology and security standard developments activities are highlighted. The perspectives on opportunities and challenges in IoT for sustainability are given. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of sustainability IoT cybersecurity case studies.

On-Site and External Energy Harvesting in Underground Wireless

“…On the contrary, energy harvesting is a promising solution as an energy harvester can be deployed underground. This energy harvester can use existing vibration sources, e.g., agricultural machinery and vehicles on road); hence, it requires no separate and dedicated aboveground facility [60,94].…”

Zenneck Waves in Decision Agriculture: An Empirical Verification and Application in EM-Based Underground Wireless Power Transfer

“…where L total denotes the total attenuation in Equation (17) expressed as dB, TX pwr is the transmit power level expressed as dB m, P n is the noise energy and er f c(• ) is an error function. P n is empirically calculated and expressed in dB m, e.g., the noise strength measured in [43,66] is −103 dB m and 30 cm depth.…”

“…Practically, if the power of any one wave component exceeds others by 10 dB, the resultant super-positioned signal will have a negligible effect from other low power wave components. Finally, ZW estimates total signal attenuation and BER as an output [43,44].…”

A Survey on Subsurface Signal Propagation

“…Moreover, they use an ultra-wide band antenna [25,82] which ends up improving communication range significantly by effectively communicating at 22 m and 37 m at the depths of 35 cm and 15 cm, respectively. Similarly, [36] performs AG2UG and UG2AG experiments with Mica2 motes for precision irrigation application [88,89].…”

“…Transmitter/Receiver: The radio should feature a high transmit power, and should be able to operate on a variety of sub-1GHz frequencies that are suitable for WUC [89]. The radio implementation can be adopted to the specific needs of the antennas and RF environment of WUC, to increase the transmission range and capabilities of the device.…”