A Survey on Subsurface Signal Propagation

Raza, Usman; Salam, Abdul

doi:10.3390/smartcities3040072

Cited by 22 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 266 publications

(439 reference statements)

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“…To obtain a reliable WUSN, it is essential to have nodes with high communication range capabilities, whether it be to communicate with each other or reach the aboveground nodes (gateways). The acoustic waves, magnetic induction (MI) and electromagnetic waves (EM) are the main technologies which have been investigated to communicate through the soil; see [19]. The acoustic waves can reach distances of a few tens of meters underground [36], but the very low data rate, high noise levels and delays limit their uses in WUSNs [30,75].…”

Section: Improvement Of the Communication Rangesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internet of Underground Things in Agriculture 4.0: Challenges, Applications and Perspectives

Cariou

Moiroux-Arvis

Pinet

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Internet of underground things (IoUTs) and wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) are new technologies particularly relevant in agriculture to measure and transmit environmental data, enabling us to optimize both crop growth and water resource management. The sensor nodes can be buried anywhere, including in the passage of vehicles, without interfering with aboveground farming activities. However, to obtain fully operational systems, several scientific and technological challenges remain to be addressed. The objective of this paper is to identify these challenges and provide an overview of the latest advances in IoUTs and WUSNs. The challenges related to the development of buried sensor nodes are first presented. The recent approaches proposed in the literature to autonomously and optimally collect the data of several buried sensor nodes, ranging from the use of ground relays, mobile robots and unmanned aerial vehicles, are next described. Finally, potential agricultural applications and future research directions are identified and discussed.

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Section: Improvement Of the Communication Rangesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internet of Underground Things in Agriculture 4.0: Challenges, Applications and Perspectives

Cariou

Moiroux-Arvis

Pinet

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…The simulation analysis shows a 34% improvement in performance over the previous work. WUC was proposed by Raza and Salam, 30 who provided a thorough summary of the WUC network infrastructure as well as the morphology of the underground sensor nodes used in WUC systems. They also contrasted again with the underground networks, emphasizing the main difference.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi‐hoped cooperative communication‐based wireless underground sensor network design

Kanthavel

Priyadharshini

Sudha³

et al. 2022

Int J Communication

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Summary Deepwater utilization and underwater sound communication with inadequate bandwidth, elongated propagation interruption, signal failure issues, and sensor node malfunction due to ecological circumstances are the limitations of the underwater wireless sensor network. Further, the challenges in underground wireless sensor network (WSN) include superior bandwidth, high power expenses, information handling, and cross‐layer design. On the other hand, cooperative communications facilitate competent employment of communication resources, by permitting nodes in a network to work together in information communication. As wireless sensor networks adapt to multi‐hop transmission in high data traffic, there is a high demand for achieving energy efficiency. Moreover, in the course of proximity nodes to the sink, an energy hole is started for the extended network lifetime. This paper proposes the design of multi‐hoped cooperative communication‐based wireless underground sensor networks that guarantees energy efficiency in a hostile environment. In addition, network coverage and connectivity improvement are also improved by this proposed design.

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“…Therefore, the present study is engaged to develop a cableless system, which can transmit data from the detector deep underground to the receiving equipment on the ground in real time. Currently, there are some technologies that can meet such requirements [12]. It mainly uses ultrasonic or optical communication, underground radio and probe rod with communication function [13][14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Cone Penetration Test Data Relay Transmission by Magnetic Communication

Liu

Pei

2022

Sensors

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At present, most cone penetration test experiments use cables to transmit data. The cables not only make the exploration operation very complicated, but also hinder the realization of automatic exploration. An excessively long cable can also bring about additional attenuation and noise during the transmission of probe signal. In order to simplify the procedures of exploration operation and to improve the detection accuracy, a cableless cone penetration test system is proposed in this study. It improved the system by using magnetic communication and converts the electrical signal into a magnetic signal at the connection of two adjacent probe rods for relay transmission. Exploratory experiments were carried out to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of the new system. The experimental results show that the experimental data collected by the new system is more accurate than that collected by traditional CPT equipment with cable. The new system simplifies exploration operations and enables real-time data transmission to detect abnormalities in time. This anomaly usually means that the probe is pressed against hard rock. It is more convenient and accurate to use the new system for exploration.

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A Survey on Subsurface Signal Propagation

Cited by 22 publications

References 266 publications

Internet of Underground Things in Agriculture 4.0: Challenges, Applications and Perspectives

Internet of Underground Things in Agriculture 4.0: Challenges, Applications and Perspectives

Multi‐hoped cooperative communication‐based wireless underground sensor network design

Design of Cone Penetration Test Data Relay Transmission by Magnetic Communication

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