Internet of Things for Environmental Sustainability and Climate Change

2020

Smart Cities

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In this article, the results of experiments for the observation of Zenneck surface waves in sub GHz frequency range using dipole antennas are presented. Experiments are conducted over three different soils for communications distances of up to 1 m. This empirical analysis confirms the existence of Zenneck waves over the soil surface. Through the power delay profile (PDP) analysis, it has been shown that other subsurface components exhibit rapid decay as compared to the Zenneck waves. A potential application of the Zenneck waves for energy transmission in the area of decision agriculture is explored. Accordingly, a novel wireless through-the-soil power transfer application using Zenneck surface waves in electromagnetic (EM) based wireless underground communications is developed.

Section: Analytical Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Model Development Preliminariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zenneck Waves in Decision Agriculture: An Empirical Verification and Application in EM-Based Underground Wireless Power Transfer

2020

Smart Cities

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“…It was shown that wideband antenna radiation pattern is independent of soil texture and soil moisture and showed efficient radiation in different soil type with varying soil moisture levels. The study [60,83,84] was successful to achieve long communication range of 30 and 150 m at the burial depths of 40 cm and 25 cm, respectively.…”

Section: Types Of Wireless Underground Channelmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…If the batteries are exhausted during an experiment, a buried mote must be dug up, and the batteries replaced. Again, this is an extremely time consuming operation, and the performance of an experiment may be suboptimal until the node is replaced [31,84,88].…”

Section: Anatomy Of a Wuc Modulementioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Subsurface Signal Propagation

2020

Smart Cities

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Wireless Underground Communication (WUC) is an emerging field that is being developed continuously. It provides secure mechanism of deploying nodes underground which shields them from any outside temperament or harsh weather conditions. This paper works towards introducing WUC and give a detail overview of WUC. It discusses system architecture of WUC along with the anatomy of the underground sensor motes deployed in WUC systems. It also compares Over-the-Air and Underground and highlights the major differences between the both type of channels. Since, UG communication is an evolving field, this paper also presents the evolution of the field along with the components and example UG wireless communication systems. Finally, the current research challenges of the system are presented for further improvement of the WUCs.

“…EM waves, through soil, suffer more attenuation compared to when they are propagated through air [8][9][10]. Moreover, changes in soil parameters, e.g., soil moisture and temperature, further affect real-time communication [11][12][13]. For example, some studies [14,15] are researching and mitigating soil moisture effect using microwave heating.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-Site and External Energy Harvesting in Underground Wireless

2020

Electronics

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Energy efficiency is vital for uninterrupted long-term operation of wireless underground communication nodes in the field of decision agriculture. In this paper, energy harvesting and wireless power transfer techniques are discussed with applications in underground wireless communications (UWC). Various external wireless power transfer techniques are explored. Moreover, key energy harvesting technologies are presented that utilize available energy sources in the field such as vibration, solar, and wind. In this regard, the Electromagnetic (EM)- and Magnetic Induction (MI)-based approaches are explained. Furthermore, the vibration-based energy harvesting models are reviewed as well. These energy harvesting approaches lead to design of an efficient wireless underground communication system to power underground nodes for prolonged field operation in decision agriculture.