International Trade and Environmental Quality: How Important Are the Linkages?

Perroni, Carlo; Wigle, Randall

doi:10.2307/135783

Cited by 49 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…A static Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model of the Malaysian economy is constructed for this study [21] . The model consists of ten industries, one representative household, three production factors and rest of the world.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computable General Equilibrium Techniques for Carbon Tax Modeling

Al‐Amin¹,

Siwar²,

Hamid³

2009

American J. of Environmental Sciences

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Problem statement: Lacking of proper environmental models environmental pollution is now a solemn problem in many developing countries particularly in Malaysia. Some empirical studies of worldwide reveal that imposition of a carbon tax significantly decreases carbon emissions and does not dramatically reduce economic growth. To our knowledge there has not been any research done to simulate the economic impact of emission control policies in Malaysia. Approach: Therefore this study developed an environmental computable general equilibrium model for Malaysia and investigated carbon tax policy responses in the economy applying exogenously different degrees of carbon tax into the model. Three simulations were carried out using a Malaysian social accounting matrix. Results: The carbon tax policy illustrated that a 1.21% reduction of carbon emission reduced the nominal GDP by 0.82% and exports by 2.08%; 2.34% reduction of carbon emission reduced the nominal GDP by 1.90% and exports by 3.97% and 3.40% reduction of carbon emission reduced the nominal GDP by 3.17% and exports by 5.71%. Conclusion/Recommendations: Imposition of successively higher carbon tax results in increased government revenue from baseline by 26.67, 53.07 and 79.28% respectively. However, fixed capital investment increased in scenario 1a by 0.43% and decreased in scenarios 1b and 1c by 0.26 and 1.79% respectively from the baseline. According to our policy findings policy makers should consider 1st (scenario 1a) carbon tax policy. This policy results in achieving reasonably good environmental impacts without losing the investment, fixed capital investment, investment share of nominal GDP and government revenue.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computable General Equilibrium Techniques for Carbon Tax Modeling

Al‐Amin¹,

Siwar²,

Hamid³

2009

American J. of Environmental Sciences

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“…Throughout this survey, only natural lighting from external environment was being applied and measured. This is to reduce the energy consumption as operation of artificial light may increase required cooling load [21] and to investigate the sufficiency of daylight towards providing comfortable environment to the occupants. There were no shading devices such as blinds or curtains for the windows.…”

Section: Visual Comfort Evaluation In Enclosed Lift Lobbymentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobic Biodegradation of Per-Treated Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether By Ozonation in an Up-Flow-Fixed-Bed Reactor

Sadeghi¹,

Arbabi²,

Nikpey³

et al. 2009

American J. of Environmental Sciences

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Problem Statement: MTBE is a common pollution of environmental and has become an issue of considerable concern in recent years. It is not readily amenable to remove MTBE by conventional techniques in water treatment. In the present study, the feasibility of the continuous aerobic biodegradation of MTBE, was evaluated in an Up-Flow Fixed Bed Reactor (UFBR). Approach: The UFBR at a constant Hydroulic Retention Time (HRT) of 24 h was used as a biological process that receives the intermediates due to partial oxidation of MTBE. The UFBR coupled to ozonation process as a survey system after a primary operation phase that was necessary for creatory of an initial microbial film on the carriers. Residual concentration of MTBE and its major degradation intermediates were measured by gas chromatography. Aqueous concentration of ozone in the reactor and ozone average concentration in off-gas were determined according to the indigo blue method. The COD reduction and BOD5 to COD ratio were selected as biodegradability indexes. Results: Results showed an effective degradation of MTBE in the coupled ozonation-UFBR continuous flow reactor of ten days of operation time. A partial degradation of MTBE in AOPs increases its biodegradation [The BOD 5 to COD ratio increased from lowest (0.01) up to a maximum of 0.72] that corresponds to an ozone consumption of 0.62mg per each mg of COD initially present in the solution. The results showed when m. Mol [MTBE] o /m. Mol(o 3 ) = 0.611, the COD removal efficiency was 89% and as this ratio increased up to 1.25, the of COD removal efficiency decreased to 80%. 46-68% removal of the COD was needed before the mixture was considered biodegradable. The highest removal rate of MTBE, 82.91 mg day −l achieved through out the UFBR runs (87% removal efficiency, In this study, the removal efficiency of MTBE using integrated-process (ozonation followed biological treatment) was from 78.5-86.5%. In order to determine of biological removal rate of MTBE, another UFBR system used as a blank reactors. Results showed that the efficiency of the COD removal (by stripping with the biological degradation) was 5-8% which implies insignificant biological removal of MTBE without pre-ozonation. Solid produced in the proposed integrated process was 0.27-0.35 kg TSS kg −1 COD removed which is approximately in down range of conventional biological system (0.3-0.5 kg TSS kg −1 COD). Conclusion:Present study showed that we can treatment of the polluted aqueous solutions to MTBE without microbial incubation used to integrated process.

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“…Most effort has been done with respect to global warming, some models being also used within the IPCC 1 activity. Examples of global or multi-regional models in this field are the Nordhaus-models DICE (Nordhaus (1994)) and RICE (Nordhaus/Yang (1996)), the MERGE model of Manne et al (1995), the OECD model GREEN of Burniaux et al (1991), the model G-CUBED of McKibbin/Wilcoxen (1992), the model of Perroni/Wigle (1994) and the EU-model WARM of Carraro/Galeotti (1996). Welsch (1996) uses an aggregated CGE model for the European Community to study the effect of joint versus unilateral carbon taxation in a tworegion framework.…”

Section: The State Of the Artmentioning

confidence: 99%

Double Dividend of Climate Protection and the Role of International Policy Coordination in the EU — An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis with the GEM-E3 Model

Conrad

Schmidt

1999

Man-Made Climate Change

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Non-technical summaryNational economic concerns still hinder the implementation of effective policy measures that would enable a significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Considering other economic problems like unemployment, the enforcement of Maastricht criterions and highly tensed social security systems, the global warming issue seems to be of less priority on the political agenda of EU governments. Nevertheless, the international political pressure forces policy-makers to do something and show at least political willingness. One frequently mentioned instrument that might enable governments to escape the dilemma is the idea of an environmental tax reform. The hope that advocats have in mind is to obtain two positive effects at the same time (double dividend): a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions and an increase in employment and/or consumer welfare.Our analysis shows that, from an empirical point of view, obtaining an economic dividend in terms of welfare by undertaking an 'intelligent' environmental tax reform remains at least possible, but relying on it seems rather optimistic as there are numerous uncertain influences that might alter the sign of the welfare effect. Obtaining an economic dividend in terms of employment seems to be more robust. But, the hope that an environmental tax reform might contribute substantially to solve the problem of unemployment melts away. AbstractWhile there is some hope that the ongoing climate change negotiations will soon come up with concrete, time scheduled and binding emission reduction commitments, the question of how to achieve these targets is still unsolved. The objective of this paper is to analyse alternative settings of an environmental tax reform and its economic and environmental impacts on the EU. The methodological framework used is based on a multi-country and multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium model for eleven EU-member states. The emphasis of the analysis lies on the institutional setting of a carbon dioxide reduction policy and on the specification of the labour market. The institutional settings analysed are related to the degree of environmental policy coordination. As standard neo-classics neglegt the problem of unvoluntary unemployment, we relax this restriction in the second part of the analysis in order to test alternative (more rigid) labour market specifications. The major findings of the paper can be summarized as follows: 1) There is some potential for a double dividend in the EU. 2) Coordination beats not always unilateral actions. 3) Labour market rigidities play a crucial role to both, the double dividend and the coordination issue. AcknowledgementThis research is based on two modelling projects financed by the JOULE-II programme of the European Comission (DGXII). We are indebted to Pantelis Capros, Takis Georgakopoulos (NTUA-Athens) Stef Proost and Denise Van Regemorter (CES at the Katholic University of Leuven), who are co-developers of the model GEM-E3. Nevertheless, we take responsibility for all errors and omission...

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International Trade and Environmental Quality: How Important Are the Linkages?

Cited by 49 publications

References 0 publications

Computable General Equilibrium Techniques for Carbon Tax Modeling

Computable General Equilibrium Techniques for Carbon Tax Modeling

Aerobic Biodegradation of Per-Treated Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether By Ozonation in an Up-Flow-Fixed-Bed Reactor

Double Dividend of Climate Protection and the Role of International Policy Coordination in the EU — An Applied General Equilibrium Analysis with the GEM-E3 Model

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