Aerobic Biodegradation of Per-Treated Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether By Ozonation in an Up-Flow-Fixed-Bed Reactor

Abstract

Problem Statement: MTBE is a common pollution of environmental and has become an issue of considerable concern in recent years. It is not readily amenable to remove MTBE by conventional techniques in water treatment. In the present study, the feasibility of the continuous aerobic biodegradation of MTBE, was evaluated in an Up-Flow Fixed Bed Reactor (UFBR). Approach: The UFBR at a constant Hydroulic Retention Time (HRT) of 24 h was used as a biological process that receives the intermediates due to partial oxidation of MTBE. The UFBR coupled to ozonation process as a survey system after a primary operation phase that was necessary for creatory of an initial microbial film on the carriers. Residual concentration of MTBE and its major degradation intermediates were measured by gas chromatography. Aqueous concentration of ozone in the reactor and ozone average concentration in off-gas were determined according to the indigo blue method. The COD reduction and BOD5 to COD ratio were selected as biodegradability indexes. Results: Results showed an effective degradation of MTBE in the coupled ozonation-UFBR continuous flow reactor of ten days of operation time. A partial degradation of MTBE in AOPs increases its biodegradation [The BOD 5 to COD ratio increased from lowest (0.01) up to a maximum of 0.72] that corresponds to an ozone consumption of 0.62mg per each mg of COD initially present in the solution. The results showed when m. Mol [MTBE] o /m. Mol(o 3 ) = 0.611, the COD removal efficiency was 89% and as this ratio increased up to 1.25, the of COD removal efficiency decreased to 80%. 46-68% removal of the COD was needed before the mixture was considered biodegradable. The highest removal rate of MTBE, 82.91 mg day −l achieved through out the UFBR runs (87% removal efficiency, In this study, the removal efficiency of MTBE using integrated-process (ozonation followed biological treatment) was from 78.5-86.5%. In order to determine of biological removal rate of MTBE, another UFBR system used as a blank reactors. Results showed that the efficiency of the COD removal (by stripping with the biological degradation) was 5-8% which implies insignificant biological removal of MTBE without pre-ozonation. Solid produced in the proposed integrated process was 0.27-0.35 kg TSS kg −1 COD removed which is approximately in down range of conventional biological system (0.3-0.5 kg TSS kg −1 COD). Conclusion:Present study showed that we can treatment of the polluted aqueous solutions to MTBE without microbial incubation used to integrated process.

Study of Electronic Properties of Metal-Insulator-Metal Structures for Fabrication of Cold Cathodes

“…Ghaforyan et al, has shown that, the transfer ratio is defined as the ratio of electron emission current I e to the circulating current I c for a given voltage applied across the sandwich. Results of such experiments indicated a strong attenuation of electrons in the top metal electrode and also provided evidence of inelastic interactions of the injected electrons in the top layer (Hickmott, 1962;Ilyas and Hogarth, 1983;Mordvintsev et al, 1998;Ray and Hogarth, 1985;Sharpe and Palmer, 1996;Silva et al, 2001;Simmons, 1963a;1963b;Thurstans and Oxley, 2002;Reda, 2010;Iskandarani, 2010;Fen et al, 2011;Al-Saqer et al, 2010;Sadeghi et al, 2009).…”