International intercomparison of the wavelength of iodine-stabilized lasers

Chartier, J. M.; Helmcke, J.; Wallard, Andrew

doi:10.1109/tim.1976.6312262

Cited by 54 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…THz and the strong 12712 absorption of the P(13) 43-0 line is attractive for realizing an optical frequency or wavelength standard of low uncertainty [1] - [3] .…”

Section: Introduction T He Coincidence Of the Strong Ar+ Laser Line Amentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Portable Iodine Stabilized Helium-Neon Laser

Layer

1980

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.

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Abstrct-A newly designed iodine stabilized belium-neon (He-Ne) laser is described wbich is stable to 3 x 10-13 (1000-s sample time) but which exhibits an intensity dependent shift of about 8 kHz/W Cm2. ChieS agreement between dissimilar asers is atained wben the internal power densities are approximately equal. INTRODUCTION THE GENERAL acceptance by the standards community Tof the intracavity iodine stabilized helium-neon (He-Ne) laser operating at 633 nm as the defacto standard of length, and the demand by the metrological and scientific communities for a length reference whose stability exceeds that of currently available commercial lasers, prompted the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to develop a portable stabilized laser system. The primary purpose of this effort was to promote the use of the iodine stabilized laser in applications remote from the laser laboratory by technicians or scientists who have neither the resources nor the time to develop their own instruments. This system was designed to be compact and lightweight and therefore easily transportable. The controls were designed to facilitate operation by people who have not had prior laser experience. In consequence of this, performance compromises were made relative to systems which are used as standards in national laboratories. THE SYSTEMThe stabilized laser system consists of two units as shown in Fig. I-the laser head and the electronic controller-the latter being completely contained in a commercial oscilloscope mainframe. Printed on the faces of the plug-in modules are the instructions for operation and the BIPM [1] vacuum wavelengths for the seven central iodine (127) hyperfine components coincident with the (He-Ne) gain curve. A drawing of the laser head is shown in Fig. 2; it is of standard configuration using four INVAR rods to separate the mirrors and secure the optical elements. The cavity length is 30 cm and is formed by a flat total reflector, which is placed at the absorption end of the cavity, and a 60-cm radius of curvature spherical output coupler which has a transmittance of 0.07. The laser tube is approximately 20 cm long, has a 1-mm bore diameter, and is filled with an 11:1 mixture of He4 and natural neon at a total pressure of 3.5 torr. Both the laser tube and the absorption cell are mounted in collets for ease of alignment and mainte- The iodine cell is mounted in a finned housing which is the heat sink for the thermoelectric cooler which maintains the iodine at a prescribed pressure. The contrast of the peaks due to the saturated absorption of the iodine relative to the laser intensity is approximately 0.15 percent. The tilt plates, to which the mirrors are attached, are kinematically mounted and can be removed and replaced without requiring realignment. Five flexible multiconductor shielded cables connect the laser head to the servo plug-in modules in the oscilloscope mainframe. The laser tube is powered by a high-efficiency current feedback switching power supply; and, while the laser tube is normally operated in sat...

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“…THz and the strong 12712 absorption of the P(13) 43-0 line is attractive for realizing an optical frequency or wavelength standard of low uncertainty [1] - [3] .…”

Section: Introduction T He Coincidence Of the Strong Ar+ Laser Line Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 1000-s fractional frequency deviation is about 3.5 X 10-13, and the break point has not yet been observed. The resettability of the system, however, possesses a systematic power-dependent offset in addition to the offsets produced by modulation width and iodine pressure [3]. This offset, shown in Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Portable Iodine Stabilized Helium-Neon Laser

Layer

1980

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.

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“…The iodine cells were of subject of a number investigations [916]. The international comparision of iodine absorption cells [3,12,14] conforms that observed frequency shifts of the hyperfine components in iodine are strongly linked to impurities in the iodine cells. Therefore, the development of improved iodine cell preparation technologies and accurate cell testing is rather important for advanced metrology lasers.…”

Section: Iodine Cell Design and Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that the hyperfine frequency is influenced by some effects: amplitude of laser frequency modulation, iodine pressure, laser intracavity power [3], wavefront geometry [4], gas lens effects [5,6], elastic velocitychanging collisions effect [7,8], contamination of the reference gas [9], etc. Among of main factors defining the net error budget of stabilized laser frequency are uncertainties connected with iodine absorption cell: iodine purity uncertainty 5 kHz, cold-finger temperature 2.5 kHz.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and testing of iodine cells for metrological laser application

Negriyko¹

2003

Semicond. Phys. Quantum Electron. Optoelectron.

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The design and performance of iodine vapor cells for frequency stabilized laser applications are presented. The traditional design of iodine vapor cell and special development of cell for fluorescence applications are studied. The sets of eight iodine cells developed and filled in Institute of Physics NAS Ukraine were tested in the He-Ne/ 127 I 2 frequency stabilized lasers. The nonlinear resonance width and contrasts for different cells were measured. The beat frequency method was used for study of laser output frequency differencies for lasers stabilization using different cells. The results of iodine cells testing shown that for glass cells prepared more than 8 years ago the resonance width is appr. 2.2 MHz and frequency differencies are in the rather narrow area ≤ 15 kHz. The standard uncertainty of the frequency stabilized He-Ne/ 127 I 2 lasers is 11.7 kHz. The tests shown that developed cells meet the demands to applications in metrological lasers.

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“…The servo-system holds the laser frequency at the value, for which the third harmonic amplitude is zero. It turned out [3] that the frequency location of the third harmonic zero substantially depends on D, which results in the shifts of the stabilized laser frequency when D changes (modulation shift).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser pumped by transverse rf-discharge

Boyko¹

1999

Semicond. Phys. Quantum Electron. Optoelectron.

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The results of experimental investigations of He-Ne/ 127 I 2 lasers (λ = 633 nm) pumped by transverse rf-discharge are presented. Due to the low level of amplitude fluctuations, the frequency stability of such lasers reaches 5⋅10-13 for the integration time 100 s, and it is about six times as large as the stability of the lasers pumped by dc-discharge. The modulation shifts of the frequency of stabilized He-Ne/ 127 I 2 lasers were measured with high accuracy in the wide range of the frequency deviation 1.5 MHz ≤ D ≤ 20 MHz. The sources of the asymmetry of saturated-absorption resonances were determined as the joint action of the lenslike properties of the absorption medium and the elastic velocity-changing collisions of absorbing molecules. The results of a bilateral laser frequency comparison of the developed laser and the laser DE-3 (KIM, Kharkiv) are reported.

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International intercomparison of the wavelength of iodine-stabilized lasers

Cited by 54 publications

References 3 publications

A Portable Iodine Stabilized Helium-Neon Laser

A Portable Iodine Stabilized Helium-Neon Laser

Design and testing of iodine cells for metrological laser application

Iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser pumped by transverse rf-discharge

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