International Finance for REDD+ Within the Context of Conservation Financing Instruments

McFarland, Brian Joseph

doi:10.1080/10549811.2015.1017109

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Our finding that broader public sector involvement went hand-in-hand with private sector engagement is underexposed in conservation-related literature. Efficiency-focussed literature proposes that deeper private sector engagement is both desirable and necessary for additional financing (Bos et al 2015;McFarland 2015) and better conservation management (Borie et al 2014;Bruner et al 2004;Rosendal and Schei 2014;Whitelaw et al 2014). However, there is little discussion in this literature of how the relationship works in practice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the last decades, sources of finance for nature conservation organisations and their projects have changed considerably (Gutman and Davidson 2007;McFarland 2015). Where conservation organisations were traditionally funded by public funding sources, the portfolio of those public funding sources now also includes private sector actors (Credit Suisse et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Funding for nature conservation: a study of public finance networks at World Wide Fund for nature (WWF)

2019

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One of the greatest challenges in nature conservation is funding. In the pursuit of new financing sources critical to fight biodiversity and ecosystem loss, nature conservation organisations increasingly aim to create networks between states, markets and civil society. Using Manuel Castells' network theory and World Wide Fund for nature (WWF) as a case study, this article aims at understanding how large conservation NGOs utilise networking in their pursuit for funding. Apart from increasing income by attracting public funds from governments and aid agencies, around 2010 WWF's public sector finance strategy expanded to influencing and leveraging finance-both public and private-using public funds. During WWF's engagement with private sector financing, paradoxically its public sector financing grew at the average rate of 7.5% per year. Our network analysis shows that WWF has continuously reworked and renegotiated its position in order to stay connected to the 'space of flows'. WWF and other large conservation organisations have to be in the right networks, speak the right language, and connect to relevant social, informational and political flows to stay relevant and connected to substantial flows of funding.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Funding for nature conservation: a study of public finance networks at World Wide Fund for nature (WWF)

2019

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“…In contrast, the total global investment in forest conservation and SFM has amounted to approximately US$18 billion per year (Tomaselli, 2006), predominantly coming from domestic government allocations (AGF/CPF, 2012;Parker, Cranford, Oakes, & Leggett, 2012). Although marginal funding increases have occurred in recent years thanks to investments in forest carbon sequestration (AGF/CPF, 2012;McFarland, 2015), substantial additional funding is necessary to meet the challenge of stemming deforestation.…”

Section: Tropical Forest Loss and Degradation Due To Human Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forests as Capital: Financial Mechanisms for Tropical Forest Conservation

Chow

2015

Journal of Sustainable Forestry

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Tropical forest loss and degradation due to human activities have been persistent and intractable global problems. Model estimates suggest that current levels of finance for conservation and sustainable forest management (SFM) are insufficient and may need to increase by an order of magnitude in order to meet this challenge. This special issue presents select articles from the 2014 Yale International Society of Tropical Foresters (ISTF) Annual Conference, which explored diverse finance mechanisms such as REDD+, sustainability certification, ecological compensation, community forestry, and official development assistance. Each finance mechanism has advantages and disadvantages, which render them effective under specific circumstances. Comprehensive tropical forest conservation will require a diverse portfolio of finance strategies appropriate for local institutional and ecological conditions. Hybrid strategies combining elements of multiple schemes could bolster conservation and SFM efforts by leveraging their respective strengths. Clear and realistic targets and baselines, robust monitoring and measurement-reporting-verification, strong governance and institutions, and periodic evaluation can contribute to the successful application of forest conservation finance. Due to the potentially high damages, especially to the world's poorest communities from continuing current deforestation trends, substantially greater financing of tropical conservation and SFM is a sound global investment.

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“…On summarizing the existing literature it can be seen that six topics dominate [ 40 ]. One is about the studies on performance-oriented financing in REDD+ [ 41 , 42 , 43 ]. The second topic is concerned with the institutional design and responsibilities in REDD+ [ 44 , 45 , 46 ].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, Barron and McDermott [ 80 ] argue that an important reason to explain the lack of incentives for private investors is that a global REDD+ system of emissions trading or cap-and-trade has not yet formed. Carbon emission credits from REDD+ projects have been accepted by the California cap-and-trade program [ 43 ], but are excluded from the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) [ 81 ]. An important reason is that the EU insists that a transparent and accurate MRV system is urgently required for carbon emissions in the forest and agricultural sectors [ 82 ].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncertainty in Estimates, Incentives, and Emission Reductions in REDD+ Projects

Sheng

Zhou

Sherbinin

2018

IJERPH

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The accurate monitoring and measurement of emission reductions is a critical step in Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+). However, the existence of uncertainty in emission reduction estimates affects the performance of REDD+ projects. We assert that incentive could be a valuable policy tool for reducing monitoring errors and transaction costs. Using Stackelberg models and simulation research, this paper examines the effects of uncertainty and incentive on performance and stakeholder benefits of REDD+ projects. Finally, the uncertainties in REDD+ projects are further discussed, and equilibrium errors, emission reductions, and stakeholder benefits in different scenarios are compared. The results show that errors do affect the measured value of carbon emissions and compensation payments. However, incentive for investors can reduce monitoring errors and improve the performance of REDD+ projects. Therefore, in the future, incentive should be provided to investors rather than landholders.

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International Finance for REDD+ Within the Context of Conservation Financing Instruments

Cited by 16 publications

References 2 publications

Funding for nature conservation: a study of public finance networks at World Wide Fund for nature (WWF)

Funding for nature conservation: a study of public finance networks at World Wide Fund for nature (WWF)

Forests as Capital: Financial Mechanisms for Tropical Forest Conservation

Uncertainty in Estimates, Incentives, and Emission Reductions in REDD+ Projects

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