Internal Migration in Spain: Dealing with Multilateral Resistance and Nonlinearites

Abstract

This article investigates the determinants of internal mobility of both foreigners and natives across Spanish provinces over the decade 2004‐14. Building on an extended gravity model, our econometric strategy controls for multilateral resistance to migration by including different fixed effects structures. Additionally, the article allows for some nonlinearities in the key economic determinants of migration, wages and unemployment. The main finding is that the impact of economic factors on internal migration is higher for foreigners than for natives; furthermore, the effect of these factors on internal migration is clearly nonlinear for the group of natives, while this only happens for foreigners when dyadic fixed effects of origin‐destination are considered. Finally, the article shows that the nature of the amenities with the greatest impact on internal movements differs between the two groups: foreigners look for social services and cultural amenities, whereas natives are more attracted by good climate conditions.

Internal Migration in Spain: A Complementary Approach

“…Thus, we can find papers dealing with the personal characteristics of migrants (e.g., Antolín and Bover 1997;Devillanova and Fontes 2004) and with the segmentation of the labour market (e.g., Bentolila and Dolado 1991;Ródenas 1994). At the same time, papers paying attention to the differences between internal migration of foreigners and natives (Maza et al 2013;Gutiérrez-Portilla et al 2018) or testing for the existence of non-linearities in some explanatory variables (Maza andVillaverde 2004a, 2004b;Maza 2006;Clemente et al 2016;Gutiérrez-Portilla et al 2018;Maza et al 2019). Besides, some pieces of work include the importance of the geographical situation of each province/region (Maza and Villaverde 2008;Mulhern and Watson 2009), as well as the treatment of multilateral resistance by using combinations of fixed effects (Maza et al 2019).…”

“…At the same time, papers paying attention to the differences between internal migration of foreigners and natives (Maza et al 2013;Gutiérrez-Portilla et al 2018) or testing for the existence of non-linearities in some explanatory variables (Maza andVillaverde 2004a, 2004b;Maza 2006;Clemente et al 2016;Gutiérrez-Portilla et al 2018;Maza et al 2019). Besides, some pieces of work include the importance of the geographical situation of each province/region (Maza and Villaverde 2008;Mulhern and Watson 2009), as well as the treatment of multilateral resistance by using combinations of fixed effects (Maza et al 2019). Finally, the effect of the 2008 economic downturn (Gutiérrez-Portilla et al 2018;Hierro et al 2019;Melguizo and Royuela 2020) has also been recently examined.…”

Migration Flows in Spain. A Push-pull Factors View

“…3) depend on the level of household income and government policies and actions. The perception of better living conditions in Spain has been one of the factors of attraction in times of massive reception of immigrants, especially after the European integration (Maza et al, 2019;Mihi-Ramí rez, 2013). In view of the current economic situation, it would at least be necessary to maintain the level of income of immigrant households in Spain so that foreign workers can cope with the poor situation on the labor market so that they decide to stay in Spain.…”

“…If we observe, for example, the most recent data (2018) and the nationality of these emigrants (Figure 5), we realize that a large part corresponds to foreigners who arrived in Spain during the 2000's, most of them coming from other countries of the European Union. Likewise, approximately half of these emigrants correspond to native Spaniards (who have always resided in Spain), the rest are foreigners who have resided in the country since the 2000s, especially since 2015 and 2016(Maza et al, 2019).…”

Analysis of Trends, Recurrences, Severity and Frequency of Droughts using SPI: Case of OR Tambo DM, Eastern Cape in South Africa

“…). The selection and application of these methods is based on the anticipated objectives, nature of the indicator, local conditions, data availability and data validity(Maza et. al.…”