“…In various places, particularly in less developed countries, many patients receive dialysis through this catheter throughout their arterio-venous fistula maturation period [ 11 ]. The catheter insertion and dilatation procedure may sometimes lead to grave complications like hematoma, pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, thoracic duct injury, arterial puncture, hemothorax, pericardial tamponade, mediastinal hematoma, and catheter-induced infection [ 12 , 13 ]. Hemothorax, in most published reports, resulted from arterial injury and rarely from venous injury by needle or catheter [ 2 , 12 , 13 ].…”