Intermittent hypoxic training: doping or what?

Lippi, Giuseppe; Franchini, Massimo

doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1188-1

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…49,50 Specifically, the term ''blood boosting'' has conventionally been used to identify the administration of blood components, while ''blood doping'' has instead been referred to the administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating substances. As such, induced erythrocythemia can globally be achieved through administration of Epo and analogs (i.e., epoetin-a, -b, -g, and -d, darbepoetin-a or novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein [NESP], and continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator [CERA]) and hemotransfusion in the form of homologous or autologous blood, 51 as well as by RBC-mimicking synthetic biomaterial particles, 52 artificial intermittent hypoxic training or administration of hypoxic and normobaric gas mixtures, 53 chemical inducers of hypoxia-like responses such as cobalt chloride, 54 hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs), perfluorocarbons, allosteric hemoglobin modulators, and, at least theoretically, by genetic engineering (i.e., gene doping) (Fig. 3).…”

Section: Doping and Thrombosis In Sports/lippi Banfimentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping and Thrombosis in Sports

Lippi

Banfi

2011

Semin Thromb Hemost

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Historically, humans have long sought to enhance their "athletic" performance to increase body weight, aggressiveness, mental concentration and physical strength, contextually reducing fatigue, pain, and improving recovery. Although regular training is the mainstay for achieving these targets, the ancillary use of ergogenic aids has become commonplace in all sports. The demarcation between ergogenic aids and doping substances or practices is continuously challenging and mostly based on perceptions regarding the corruption of the fairness of competition and the potential side effects or adverse events arising from the use of otherwise unnecessary ergogenic substances. A kaleidoscope of side effects has been associated with the use of doping agents, including behavioral, skeletal, endocrinologic, metabolic, hemodynamic, and cardiovascular imbalances. Among the various doping substances, the most striking association with thrombotic complications has been reported for androgenic anabolic steroids (i.e., cardiomyopathy, fatal and nonfatal arrhythmias, myocardial infarction [MI], intracardiac thrombosis, stroke, venous thromboembolism [VTE], limb arterial thrombosis, branch retinal vein occlusion, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis) and blood boosting (i.e., VTE and MI, especially for epoetin and analogs). The potential thrombotic complication arising from misuse of other doping agents such as the administration of cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin, cocaine, and platelet-derived preparations is instead speculative or anecdotal at best. The present article provides an overview on the epidemiological association as well as the underlying biochemical and biological mechanisms linking the practice of doping in sports with the development of thrombosis.

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Section: Doping and Thrombosis In Sports/lippi Banfimentioning

confidence: 99%

Doping and Thrombosis in Sports

Lippi

Banfi

2011

Semin Thromb Hemost

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“…It has been and it is still administered with the aim to boost the red blood cell (RBC) mass, thereby increasing the maximal aerobic power, ameliorating oxygen transport and delivery to the muscles, and ultimately improving the aerobic performance [6] . This unfair practice includes a variety of methods or substances, such as blood transfusions, administration of recombinant human erythropoietin and novel erythropoiesis-stimulating substances such as the continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator (CERA), artifi cial oxygen carriers, allosteric hemoglobin modulators, as well as various altitude training simulator systems [4,5,8] . Since most of these techniques produce substantial variations of the hematological profi le, and can be now be reliably detected by direct [2,3] and indirect techniques (e. g., the hematological passport) [7] , plasma volume expanders [11] as well as other hemodiluting agents (e. g., desmopressin) [10] can also be occasionally administered to attenuate the artifi cial increase in hematological values induced by the diff erent blood doping practices.…”

Section: Red Blood Cell-mimicking Synthetic Biomaterials Particles: Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red Blood Cell-Mimicking Synthetic Biomaterial Particles: The New Frontier of Blood Doping?

Lippi¹,

Franchini²,

Banfi³

2010

Int J Sports Med

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“…It is also noteworthy that erythropoiesis stimulation with an increase in Epo concentration , thereby enhancing red blood cells mass, hematocrit, blood viscosity and platelet count, have significant effect on blood rheology and blood pressure, exposing patients with high risk of cardiovascular events to hemoconcentration and thrombosis, especially during episodes of dehydration . Elevated systemic hematocrit increases the risk of cardiovascular disorders, such as stroke and myocardial infarction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia applicability in myocardial infarction prevention and recovery

Sanchís-Gomar

Viña

Lippi

2012

J Cellular Molecular Medi

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Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) has been the focus of important research in cardioprotection, and it has been associated with several mechanisms. Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia inhibits prolyl hydroxylases (PHD) activity, increasing the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and activating crucial adaptative genes. It has been hence suggested that IHH might be a simple intervention, which may offer a thoughtful benefits to patients with acute myocardial infarction and no complications. Nevertheless, several doubts exist as to whether IHH is a really safe technique, with little to no complications in post-myocardial infarction patients. Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia might produce instead unfavourable changes such as impairment of vascular hemodynamics and hypertensive response, increased risk of hemoconcentration and thrombosis, cardiac rhythm perturbations, coronary artery disease and heart failure, insulin resistance, steatohepatitis and even high-altitude pulmonary oedema in susceptible or nonacclimatized patients. Although intermittent and chronic exposures seem effective in cardioprotection, IHH safety issues have been mostly overlooked, so that assorted concerns should be raised about the opportunity to use IHH in the post-myocardial infarction period. Several IHH protocols used in some studies were also aggressive, which would hamper their widespread introduction within the clinical practice. As such, further research is needed before IHH can be widely advocated in myocardial infarction prevention and recovery.

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Intermittent hypoxic training: doping or what?

Cited by 11 publications

References 9 publications

Doping and Thrombosis in Sports

Doping and Thrombosis in Sports

Red Blood Cell-Mimicking Synthetic Biomaterial Particles: The New Frontier of Blood Doping?

Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia applicability in myocardial infarction prevention and recovery

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