Doping and Thrombosis in Sports

Lippi, Giuseppe; Banfi, Giuseppe

doi:10.1055/s-0031-1297371

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Basically, their large and easy availability on the Web, a phenomenon that has several points in common with the "black market" of doping substances, 28,29 combined with the existence of a clear dose-response relationship effect on cardiovascular risk suggests that major caution regarding the use of these devices should be used, especially in persons at increased risk of developing cardiovascular events. The effects on blood pressure and heart rate are particularly concerning, as hypertension is a well-established cardiovascular risk factor, 2 whereas heart rate is a significant predictor of mortality in patients with known cardiovascular disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-Cigarettes and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Science and Mysticism

Lippi

Favaloro

Meschi³

et al. 2013

Semin Thromb Hemost

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According to the latest available updates released by the American Heart Association (AHA), 21.3% of men and 16.7% of women aged 18 years or older are current cigarette smokers in the United States. Although the percentage of current cigarette smokers (i.e., 19.0% overall) has declined by nearly one-fifth since 1998, when the rate was 24.1%, 1 tobacco smoking causes nearly 19.1% of overall deaths in the United States, with approximately one-third of these attributable to cardiovascular disease. Even more impressive is that approximately 11% of cigarette smoking-related deaths are reportedly caused by second-hand (so called passive) smoke. The direct medical costs and lost productivity costs associated with smoking are estimated at approximately $96 and $97 billion, thus totaling an estimated $193 billion AbstractCigarette smoking is the most important cause of premature death, and it is currently listed as a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Because of restrictive measures and widespread control policies, tobacco companies are now using aggressive marketing strategies in favor of smokeless tobacco, including electronic nicotine delivery systems, which are also known as electronic cigarettes or ecigarettes. Although the regular use of these devices appears less hazardous than traditional cigarettes or other forms of smokeless tobacco, recent studies have shown that various potentially harmful substances, especially nicotine, ultraparticles, and volatile organic compounds, may be effectively inhaled or liberated in exhaled air during repeated e-cigarette puffing. This would enhance the risk of cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension, which may predispose some users to increased risk of cardiovascular events, which may be further magnified by other potential adverse effects such as arrhythmias, increased respiratory, and flow respiratory resistance. Some cases of intoxication have also been described, wherein large amounts of nicotine and other harmful compounds may be effectively absorbed. As the use of e-cigarettes is continuously rising, and it is also considered a potentially effective method for smoking cessation, more focused research is urgently needed to definitely establish the cardiovascular safeness of these devices.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

E-Cigarettes and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Science and Mysticism

Lippi

Favaloro

Meschi³

et al. 2013

Semin Thromb Hemost

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“…Anabolic androgen steroids (AAS) such as nanderlone decaneate (ND) are used in athletes to enhance their muscular performance, body weight, fighting and physical potency [1,2]. The long-term AAS use seems to modify body foundation, muscle physique and reduce fat mass in athletes [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Subacute Supraphysiological Dose of Nandrolone Decanoate on Liver Enzymes and Lipid Pofiles in Rats

Shahraki

Rafeei

2015

Zahedan J Res Med Sci

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Background: Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is a doping agent which is used by athletes and has a lot of adverse effects on the body. Objectives: This survey was carried out to evaluate the effects of subacute supraphysiological dose of ND administration on liver enzymes and lipid profiles in male and female rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on 40 Wistar-Albino rats, which after weighing divided into 4 groups as control (female and male) and test (female and male) groups (N = 10). The test groups received 15 mg/kg nandrolone decanoate by intra muscular (im) injection for 2 weeks, but control groups received the same volum of oil vehicle. At the end, animals were deeply anesthetized by diethyl ether, scarified and their blood samples were collected. Liver enzymes and lipoproteins were measured by usual methods. Obtained data were analyzed by SPSS-15, applying ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results were expressed as mean ± SD. Statistical difference was recognized significant by P ≤ 0.05. Results: Results showed that AST value in the test groups were significantly increased compared to those of the control groups. In addition, HDL and cholesterol values in female test group were significantly increased compared to those of male test group. Moreover, final weight, food, and water intake in all test groups were significantly increased compared to those of control groups. Conclusions: These results indicated that subacute administration of nandrolone decanoate alters liver enzymes, lipoprotein profile, final weight, food, and water intake in rats. The exact mechanism needs future studies.

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“…47 The cardiovascular risks of other doping agents, such as cortisol, human growth hormone, prolactin, and plateletderived products, have not been well studied. 48 Among professional athletes and celebrities, clenbuterol has been gaining popularity as a performance-enhancing and/or weight-loss drug. It is a longacting sympathomimetic agonist that is primarily used in veterinary medicine as a bronchodilator.…”

Section: Anabolic Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%