Interlingual interference in a bilingual version of the stroop color-word task

Preston, Malcolm S.; Lambert, Wallace E.

doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(69)80079-4

Cited by 143 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…What is certain, however, is that bilinguals rarely deactivate the other language totally. Evidence for this has been found in cross-language Stroop tests (Obler & Albert, 1978;Preston & Lambert, 1969), word-nonword judgments (Altenberg & Cairns, 1983), and comprehension tasks using the phoneme monitoring paradigm (Blair & Harris, 1981). One of the aims of the present study is to investigate further the residual activation of one language when the bilingual is processing the other language in a monolingual speech mode.…”

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confidence: 80%

Bilinguals in a monolingual and a bilingual speech mode: The effect on lexical access

1984

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The time course of lexical access in fluent Portuguese-English bilinguals and in Englishspeaking monolinguals was examined during the on-line processing of spoken sentences using the phoneme-triggered lexical decision task (Blank, 1980). The bilinguals were tested in two distinct speech modes: a monolingual, English or Portuguese, speech mode, and a bilingual, codeswitching, speech mode. Although the bilingual's lexical decision response times to word targets in the monolingual speech modes were identical to those of the monolingual subjects, their response times to code-switched word targets in the bilingual mode were significantly slower. In addition, the bilinguals took longer to detect nonwords in both the monolingual and bilingual modes. These results confirm that bilinguals cannot totally deactivate their other language when in a monolingual speech mode. It is hypothesized that bilinguals search both lexicons when confronted with nonwords, even when in a totally monolingual mode, and that they search the base-language lexicon before the other lexicon when in a bilingual, code-switching, speech mode.A number of factors have been found to affect lexical access (or word recognition) during the on-line processing of speech in monolinguals. These factors include word frequency, word length, frequency of the first syllable, and the accompanying syntactic and semantic

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confidence: 80%

Bilinguals in a monolingual and a bilingual speech mode: The effect on lexical access

1984

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“…This work began with Dalrymple-Alford (1968), but his items were either incongruent items in the same language or congruent items in different languages, a confound that does not permit us to obtain a clear picture of the Stroop effect within versus between languages. For this, we must examine studies by Preston and Lambert (1969) and by Dyer (197 la). Preston and Lambert (1969) found substantial interference whether the ink colors were to be named in the same language as the distracting words appeared or in the other language.…”

Section: Language Differences: the Case Of The Bilingualmentioning

confidence: 99%

Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.

MacLeod

1991

Psychological Bulletin

4,725

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The literature on interference in the Stroop Color-Word Task, covering over 50 years and some 400 studies, is organized and reviewed. In so doing, a set ofl 8 reliable empirical findings is isolated that must be captured by any successful theory of the Stroop effect. Existing theoretical positions are summarized and evaluated in view of this critical evidence and the 2 major candidate theories--relative speed of processing and automaticity of reading--are found to be wanting. It is concluded that recent theories placing the explanatory weight on parallel processing of the irrelevant and the relevant dimensions are likely to be more successful than are earlier theories attempting to locate a single bottleneck in attention.In 1935, J. R. Stroop published his landmark article on attention and interference, an article more influential now than it was then. Why has the Stroop task continued to fascinate us? Perhaps the task is seen as tapping into the primitive operations of cognition, offering clues to the fundamental process of attention. Perhaps the robustness of the phenomenon provides a special challenge to decipher. Together these are powerful attractions in a field of complex phenomena where the most subtie variation may exert a dramatic effect.In writing this article, I have two primary intentions. The first is to create a taxonomy of the empirical work on the Stroop task and its analogs. At least 70% of the more than 700 Strooprelated articles in the literature have been published since the reviews by Dyer (1973c) and Jensen and Rohwer (1966). Furthermore, Dyer's theoretical framework now seems in need of reconsideration, so that his review no longer provides the optimal organization. The second aim, then, is to survey existing theories, showing the critical weaknesses in the standard explanations and dispelling some myths that have arisen. I argue for a new theoretical framework for the Stroop effect, informed by contemporary cognitive psychology. This framework is more comprehensive than many earlier experiment-specific hypotheses, and suggests directions in which future research might profitably proceed.

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“…Under this assumption, bi-or multilinguals not only have to face competitors from the same language, they would potentially have to cope with competitors from other languages as well. Indeed, there is abundant evidence suggesting that in bilinguals, the lexicons of both languages are activated in parallel (Colomé, 2001;Green, 1986;Kroll, Bobb, & Wodniekca, 2006;Preston & Lambert, 1969; but see Costa, La Heij, & Navarrete, 2006). How then do multilinguals succeed in producing their intended language without interference from the non-intended language(s)?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological priming survives a language switch

et al. 2012

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a b s t r a c tIn a long-lag morphological priming experiment, Dutch (L1)-English (L2) bilinguals were asked to name pictures and read aloud words. A design using non-switch blocks, consisting solely of Dutch stimuli, and switch-blocks, consisting of Dutch primes and targets with intervening English trials, was administered. Target picture naming was facilitated by morphologically related primes in both non-switch and switch blocks with equal magnitude. These results contrast some assumptions of sustained reactive inhibition models. However, models that do not assume bilinguals having to reactively suppress all activation of the non-target language can account for these data.

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Interlingual interference in a bilingual version of the stroop color-word task

Cited by 143 publications

References 14 publications

Bilinguals in a monolingual and a bilingual speech mode: The effect on lexical access

Bilinguals in a monolingual and a bilingual speech mode: The effect on lexical access

Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review.

Morphological priming survives a language switch

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