Bilinguals in a monolingual and a bilingual speech mode: The effect on lexical access

Soares, Carlos; Grosjean, François

doi:10.3758/bf03198298

Cited by 217 publications

(148 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Code-switching costs have consistently been found in behavioral studies of word comprehension and production in bilinguals (e.g., Costa & Santesteban, 2004;Grainger & Beauvillain, 1987;Meuter & Allport, 1999;Soares & Grosjean, 1984;Thomas & Allport, 2000;von Studnitz & Green, 1997). A key result in the comprehension literature was reported by Grainger and Beauvillain (1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Code-switching effects in bilingual word recognition: A masked priming study with event-related potentials☆

2008

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Two experiments tested language switching effects with bilingual participants in a priming paradigm with masked primes (duration of 50 ms in Experiment 1 and 100 ms in Experiment 2). Participants had to monitor target words for animal names, and ERPs were recorded to critical (non-animal) words in L1 and L2 primed by unrelated words from the same or the other language. Both experiments revealed language priming (switching) effects that depended on target language. For target words in L1, most of the language switch effect appeared in the N400 ERP component, with L2 primes generating a more negative going wave than L1 primes. For L2 target words, on the other hand, the effects of a language switch appeared mainly in an earlier ERP component (N250) peaking at approximately 250 ms post-target onset, and showing greater negativity following an L1 prime than an L2 prime. This is the first evidence for fast-acting language-switching effects occurring in the absence of overt task switching.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Code-switching effects in bilingual word recognition: A masked priming study with event-related potentials☆

2008

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“…However, switch costs also occur in comprehension (e.g., Macnamara & Kushnir, 1971; Altarriba, Kroll, Sholl, & Rayner, 1996, Experiment 1;Thomas & Allport, 2000;Grainger & Beauvillain, 1987;Soares & Grosjean, 1984), and enhanced negativities in ERPs have been associated with language switches, both in response to single words (e.g., enhanced N250 for switches to L2 and enhanced N400 for switches to L1, Chauncey, Running head: JOINT SWITCHING 5 Grainger, & Holcomb, 2008), and during sentence comprehension (e.g., enhanced N400, Proverbio, Leoni, & Zani, 2004).…”

Section: Switch Costs In Production Comprehension and Across Modalimentioning

confidence: 99%

If you stay, it might be easier: Switch costs from comprehension to production in a joint switching task.

Gambi¹,

Hartsuiker²

2016

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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Switching language is costly for bilingual speakers and listeners, suggesting that language control is effortful in both modalities. But are the mechanisms underlying language control similar across modalities? In this study, we attempted to answer this question by testing whether bilingual speakers incur a cost when switching to a different language than the one just used by their interlocutor. Pairs of unbalanced Dutch (L1) -English (L2) bilinguals took turns naming pictures in a pure Dutch, a pure English, and a mixed-language block. In the mixed block, one participant (Switching Participant) voluntarily switched between Dutch and English, whereas the other (NonSwitching Participant) named all pictures in Dutch. Within the mixed block, the Non-Switching participant took longer to name pictures when the Switching participant's response on the preceding trial had been in English rather than Dutch, and this local switch cost was larger the more the NonSwitching participant was proficient in English. Additionally, there was strong cross-person itemlevel interference: The Non-Switching participant named pictures more slowly in Dutch if the Switching participant had previously named those same pictures in English rather than Dutch.These findings indicate that comprehension of utterances produced by another speaker in L2 makes subsequent production of L1 utterances more costly. We interpret this as evidence that language control mechanisms are shared between comprehension and production, and specifically that bottom-up factors have a considerable influence on language selection processes in both modalities.Keywords: voluntary language switching; joint task; comprehension; production. Bilinguals often switch between their languages, especially during informal conversations with other bilinguals (e.g., Grosjean, 2001). However, switching language leads to slower responses in laboratory tasks, both when bilinguals produce a switch (e.g., Meuter & Allport, 1999) and when they comprehend a switch (e.g., Thomas & Allport, 2000). Showing that language switches are costly to process in comprehension and to execute in production is relevant for theories of bilingual dialogue since bilingual interlocutors tend to switch between their shared languages within their respective turns (e.g., Grosjean, 2001). But furthermore, in some bilingual conversations, each interlocutor consistently uses only one language (normally her first language, L1), so that switches occur between turns (if the two bilinguals have different L1's). Thus, bilinguals may also be confronted with switches from comprehension (of their interlocutor's utterance) to production (of their own utterance).The goal of the present study was to investigate whether comprehension of utterances produced by another speaker in one's second language (L2) makes subsequent production of L1 utterances more costly. As we explain below, the occurrence of cross-person switch costs is compatible with theories of bilingual lexical selection that assume shared language contro...

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“…That is, while bilinguals can effectively converse in either of their two languages, representative of a MONOLINGUAL LANGUAGE MODE, they can also operate bilingually, a phenomenon known as BILINGUAL MODE. The idea of language mode has been further refined, namely through the work of Grosjean (Grosjean 1982(Grosjean , 2001(Grosjean , 2008Soares & Grosjean 1984) to include both written and oral speech (Grosjean 1997), as well as production and perception (Grosjean 1998). It is important to note, language mode has been discussed in terms of the relative levels of activation of Language A to Language B (Grosjean 2008).…”

Section: Language Context and Phonetic Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of code-switching and language context in bilingual phonetic transfer

Olson

2016

Journal of the International Phonetic Association

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The present study examines the effect of two potential catalysts for interlanguage phonetic interaction, code-switching and language mode, on the production of voice onset time (VOT) to better understand the role of (near) simultaneous dual language activation on phonetic production, as well as the nature of phonetic transfer. An oral production paradigm was carried out in which Spanish-English bilinguals produced words with initial voiceless stops as non-switched tokens, code-switched tokens in an otherwise monolingual context, and code-switched tokens in a bilingual context. Results demonstrated a degree of phonetic transfer associated with code-switching, either unidirectional or bi-directional. Specifically, English, with long lag VOT, was more susceptible to phonetic transfer than Spanish (short lag). Contrary to expectations, while the code-switching effect was present in both monolingual and bilingual mode, there was no additional transfer, or additive effect, of bilingual language mode. Differences in the effects of code-switching on English and Spanish are discussed with respect to the inherently different acceptable VOT ranges in the two languages. Furthermore, the lack of difference in VOT between the code-switched tokens in the monolingual and bilingual contexts is taken to suggest limits on phonetic transfer.

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Bilinguals in a monolingual and a bilingual speech mode: The effect on lexical access

Cited by 217 publications

References 27 publications

Code-switching effects in bilingual word recognition: A masked priming study with event-related potentials☆

Code-switching effects in bilingual word recognition: A masked priming study with event-related potentials☆

If you stay, it might be easier: Switch costs from comprehension to production in a joint switching task.

The role of code-switching and language context in bilingual phonetic transfer

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