Interleukin‐6 is essential for Staphylococcal exotoxin B‐induced T regulatory cell insufficiency in nasal polyps

Cytokine Profiles in Nasal Fluid in Patients with Nasal Polyps: A Flow Cytometric StudyBiological markers in nasal fluid provide valuable information on nasal pathophysiology. The aims of this study were to compare the cytokine profiles of nasal fluid in subjects with nasal polyps (NP) and co-morbid asthma and NP patients without asthma and to determine the role of these cytokines in the development of NP. Thirty patients with NP (15 asthmatic and 15 non asthmatic) were included in this prospective study. Nasal secretion samples were collected from nasal cavities of all 30 subjects. The levels of eleven cytokines (TNF-α, TNF-β, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-γ) were measured using flow cytometry. The concentrations of Th2 cytokines IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly higher in patients with NP and asthma compared with subjects with NP without asthma. We also found significantly higher levels of IFN-α, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 in allergic patients with NP and asthma compared with those without asthma. In nonallergic patients with NP and asthma, the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-5 and IL-6 were significantly higher than in nonallergic patients with NP without asthma. Our results show that the presence of Th2 cytokines, especially IL-5 and IL-6 in patients with NP and asthma is a more prominent feature than in those without asthma that relates to the increased eosinophilic inflammation. We have also found a significant influence of allergy on the cytokine profiles both in asthmatic and nonasthmatic patients.

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“…Xu et al (22) also found significantly increased levels of IL-4, IL-6 and IFN-g in Staphylococcus aureus exotoxin B-stimulated nasal polyps.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Cytokine Profiles in Nasal Fluid in Patients with Nasal Polyps: A Flow Cytometric Study

Perić¹,

Vojvodić²,

Radulović³

2010

Journal of Medical Biochemistry

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“…Biofilm-embedded bacteria are largely protected from neutrophil killing, and the concomitant release of inflammatory cytokines from these cells leads to the damage of host tissues and further devitalized surface biofilm formation. In addition, IL-6 has been implicated in promoting Treg insufficiency induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin B in vitro (48), thereby allowing the inflammatory response to go on unchecked, as discussed below. There was also a small upregulation of IL-4 early in the infection at day 7.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Murine Immune Response to a Chronic Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Infection

et al. 2011

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Staphylococcus aureus has reemerged as an important human pathogen in recent decades. Although many infections caused by this microbial species persist through a biofilm mode of growth, little is known about how the host's adaptive immune system responds to these biofilm infections. In this study, S. aureus cells adhered to pins in culture and were subsequently inserted into the tibiae of C57BL/6 mice, with an infecting dose of 2 ؋

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“…IL-6 also stimulates fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis 23 . Immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization have shown that the main sources of IL-6 are macrophages, T cells, mast cells, and, especially, eosinophils and fibroblasts because of their autocrine activity 23 . IL-1β play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps.…”

Section: A Peric D Vojvodic N Baletic a Peric O Miljanovicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Peric D Vojvodic N Baletic a Peric O Miljanovicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IL-6 is an important proinflammatory Th2 type citokine involved in the induction of IgE synthesis as well as in mast cell proliferation and maturation 23 . IL-6 also stimulates fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis 23 . Immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization have shown that the main sources of IL-6 are macrophages, T cells, mast cells, and, especially, eosinophils and fibroblasts because of their autocrine activity 23 .…”

Section: A Peric D Vojvodic N Baletic a Peric O Miljanovicmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Allergy on the Immunomodulatory and Clinical Effects of Long-Term Low-Dose Macrolide Treatment of Nasal Polyposis

Perić¹,

Vojvodić²,

Baletić³

et al. 2010

BIOMED PAP

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Aims. Cytokine levels in nasal secretions reflect the inflammatory status of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa and the development of mucosal disease. The results of previous investigations suggest that macrolide antibiotics can be effective in treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. The aim of this prospective study was to compare the immunomodulatory and clinical effects of long-term low-dose macrolide treatment of nonatopic and atopic patients with nasal polyposis.Methods. Forty (n = 40) patients with nasal polyposis, 22 allergic and 18 nonallergic were administered clarithromycin (CAM) 500 mg/day single oral dose for eight weeks. We measured the levels of proinflammatory Th1 cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β, Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6, and chemokine IL-8 in the nasal fluid samples, before and after treatment, using flow cytometric method. We also scored each of the 40 patients before and after therapy according to nasal symptom score and endoscopic score.Results. Following treatment, we found significantly reduced levels of IL-8 (p<0.01) and TNF-α (p<0.01) in nasal secretions in nonallergic patients. In subjects with nasal polyposis and allergy, we found decreased levels of IL-8 (p<0.01), IL-6 (p<0.05) and IL-1β (p<0.01). Macrolide therapy decreased the size of polyps in 45.45% of nonatopic and in 50% of atopic patients. After macrolide treatment, we found 67.83% patients in nonallergic group and 55.55% patients in allergic group with improved nasal symptoms.Conclusions. Long-term low-dose treatment with CAM was effective in the management of nasal polyposis. Our results showed that macrolide treatment of nasal polyposis have different immunomodulatory and similar clinical effects in allergic and nonallergic patients.

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Interleukin‐6 is essential for Staphylococcal exotoxin B‐induced T regulatory cell insufficiency in nasal polyps

Abstract: SEB is able to modulate pro-inflammatory factors, T-helper type 1/Th2 profiles and suppress Treg activity in cultured nasal polyps, which were rescued by blocking IL-6 activity. Therefore, IL-6 is essential for SEB-induced Treg insufficiency in nasal polyps.

Cited by 27 publications

References 33 publications

Cytokine Profiles in Nasal Fluid in Patients with Nasal Polyps: A Flow Cytometric Study

Cytokine Profiles in Nasal Fluid in Patients with Nasal Polyps: A Flow Cytometric Study

Murine Immune Response to a Chronic Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm Infection

Influence of Allergy on the Immunomodulatory and Clinical Effects of Long-Term Low-Dose Macrolide Treatment of Nasal Polyposis

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