Interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α in menstrual effluents as biomarkers of chronic endometritis

Tortorella, Cosimo; Piazzolla, Giuseppina; Matteo, Maria; Pinto, Vincenzo; Tinelli, Raffaele; Sabbá, Carlo; Fanelli, Margherita; Cicinelli, Ettore

doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.09.041

Cited by 97 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-6, play essential roles on the initiation and propagation of inflammatory response, whose level in upper genital tract were increased with the pathogen infection and the recognition of immunogens by local TLRs [38–40]. At the site of inflammation, these proinflammatory cytokines stimulate the proliferation and activation of leukocyte, and enhance the production of chemokines (i.e., CXCL-1, MCP-1, and RANTES) leading to the recruitment of hematopoietic immune cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anti-inflammatory effect of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees on pelvic inflammatory disease in rats through down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway

Zou

Xiao

Wen

et al. 2016

BMC Complement Altern Med

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Background Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees (APN), a principal constituent of a famous traditional Chinese medicine Fukeqianjin tablet which is used for the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), has been reported to have anti-inflammatory effect in vitro. However, whether it has pharmacological effect on PID in vivo is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study is to test the anti-inflammatory effect of APN and illuminate a potential mechanism.MethodsThirty-six female specific pathogen-free SD rats were randomly divided into control group, PID group, APN1 group, APN2 group, APN3 group and prednisone group. Pathogen-induced PID rats were constructed. The APN1, APN2 and APN3 group rats were orally administrated with APN extract at different levels. The prednisone group rats were administrated with prednisone. Eight days after the first infection, the histological examination of upper genital tract was carried out, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was carried out using homogenate of the uterus and fallopian tube. Furthermore, immunohistochemical evaluations of NF-κB p65 and IκB-α in uterus was conducted.ResultsAPN obviously suppressed the infiltrations of neutrophils and lymphocytes, and it could significantly reduce the excessive production of cytokines and chemokines including IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL-1, MCP-1 and RANTES in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, APN could block the pathogen-induced activation of NF-κB pathway.ConclusionAPN showed potent anti-inflammatory effect on pathogen-induced PID in rats, with a potential mechanism of inhibiting the NF-κB signal pathway.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anti-inflammatory effect of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees on pelvic inflammatory disease in rats through down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway

Zou

Xiao

Wen

et al. 2016

BMC Complement Altern Med

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“…Bedaiwy et al (2002) found IL-6 and TNF- α to be able to distinguish between patients with and without endometriosis with high sensitivity and specificity, at respective cutoffs of 2 pg/mL (sensitivity 90%; specificity 67%) and 15 pg/mL (sensitivity 100%; specificity 89%) [49]. Tortorella et al (2014) found significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-1 β , and TNF- α in menstrual effluents of women diagnosed with endometriosis compared to healthy subjects, though they found limited diagnostic capability of each of these cytokines individually [50]. However, when combined (IL-6 combined with TNF- α or IL-6 combined with IL-1 β ), the cytokines provided diagnostic sensitivity of nearly 100% when at least one cytokine was above the diagnostic value and provided a near 100% specificity when both cytokines in a combination exceeded their cutoff values: IL-6, 8,968 pg/mL; TNF- α , 203 pg/mL.…”

Section: Role Of Cytokines and Their Clinical Cutoffs In Obstetricmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokines as Biomarkers and Their Respective Clinical Cutoff Levels

Monastero

Pentyala

2017

International Journal of Inflammation

172

129

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Cytokines, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, and chemokines, have a variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory effects in the body through a number of biochemical pathways and interactions. Stimuli, actions, interactions, and downstream effects of cytokines have been investigated in more depth in recent years, and clinical research has also been conducted to implicate cytokines in causal patterns in certain diseases. However, particular cutoffs of cytokines as biomarkers for disease processes have not been well studied, and this warrants future work to potentially improve diagnoses for diseases with inflammatory markers. A limited number of studies in this area are reviewed, considering diseases correlated with abnormal cytokine profiles, as well as specific cutoffs at which cytokines have been deemed clinically useful for diagnosing those diseases through Receiver Operator Characteristics modeling. In light of studies such as those discussed in this review, cytokine testing has the potential to support diagnosis due to its lack of invasiveness and low cost, compared to other common types of testing for infections and inflammatory diseases.

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“…Kitaya and Yasuo [2] reported that lymphocyte B cell levels were elevated in the EM of patients with CE, as well as observing the abnormal expression of paracrine mediators such as adhesion molecules and chemokines. In fact, the menstrual effluent of women with CE showed elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α, in comparison to women without CE; these findings were argued to reflect a TH1/TH2 cytokine imbalance at the EM level [62]. …”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Cementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gram-negative bacterial colonization of the EM may lower the implantation rate of embryos while increasing the rate of miscarriage. The endotoxins of Gram-negative bacteria may induce a more predominant TH1 response at the decidua in order to stimulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production, thereby creating an endometrial paracrine milieu that could cause embryo damage, implantation failure, or spontaneous abortion [6263]. Female genital tuberculosis can cause CE and infertility.…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Cementioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic endometritis and infertility

Park

Kim

Yoon

et al. 2016

Clin Exp Reprod Med

141

111

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Chronic endometritis (CE) is a condition involving the breakdown of the peaceful co-existence between microorganisms and the host immune system in the endometrium. A majority of CE cases produce no noticeable signs or mild symptoms, and the prevalence rate of CE has been found to be approximately 10%. Gynecologists and pathologists often do not focus much clinical attention on CE due to the time-consuming microscopic examinations necessary to diagnose CE, its mild clinical manifestations, and the benign nature of the disease. However, the relationship between CE and infertility-related conditions such as repeated implantation failure and recurrent miscarriage has recently emerged as an area of inquiry. In this study, we reviewed the literature on the pathophysiology of CE and how it may be associated with infertility, as well as the literature regarding the diagnosis and treatment of CE. In addition, we discuss the value of hysteroscopic procedures in the diagnosis and treatment of CE.

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Interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α in menstrual effluents as biomarkers of chronic endometritis

Cited by 97 publications

References 23 publications

The anti-inflammatory effect of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees on pelvic inflammatory disease in rats through down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway

The anti-inflammatory effect of Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees on pelvic inflammatory disease in rats through down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway

Cytokines as Biomarkers and Their Respective Clinical Cutoff Levels

Chronic endometritis and infertility

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