Interleukin 6 in Hyposmia

Henkin, Robert I.; Schmidt, Loren; Velicu, Irina

doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2013.3392

Cited by 70 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Findings from this study support a growing body of evidence showing a correlation between OC inflammatory protein levels and olfactory function . Previously, we reported on a pilot study of CRS patients where OC levels of IL‐5 (inversely) and VEGF‐A (directly) significantly correlated with olfaction .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Correlation of mucus inflammatory proteins and olfaction in chronic rhinosinusitis

Soler

Yoo

Schlosser

et al. 2019

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol

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Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most common causes of olfactory loss, but the pathophysiology underlying olfactory dysfunction in CRS has not been fully elucidated. Previous studies found correlations between olfactory cleft (OC) inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and olfaction in CRS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between OC mucus inflammatory proteins and olfaction in a multi‐institutional cohort. Methods Adults with CRS were prospectively recruited. Demographics, comorbidities, olfactory assessment (Sniffin’ Sticks), computed tomography (CT), and OC mucus for protein analysis were collected. Statistical analysis was performed to determine associations between olfactory function, OC mucus protein concentrations, and CT opacification. Results Sixty‐two patients were enrolled in the study, with an average age of 48.2 (standard deviation, 16.2) years, and 56.5% were female and 59.7% were classified as CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Ten of 26 OC mucus proteins were significantly correlated with threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) scores and OC opacification. Subgroup analysis by polyp status revealed that, within the CRSwNP group, C‐C motif ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin‐5 (IL‐5), IL‐6, IL‐13, IL‐10, IL‐9, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), CCL5, and CCL11 were significantly correlated with olfaction. For CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), only C‐X‐C ligand 5 (CXCL5) showed a correlation. In CRSwNP, IL‐6, IL‐10, vascular endothelial growth factor‐A, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) correlated with OC opacification, whereas, in CRSsNP, only CXCL5 showed a correlation. OC mucus proteins and Lund‐Mackay score correlated only in the CRSsNP group (CXCL5, IL‐5, IL‐13, IgE). Conclusion Several OC mucus proteins have been found to correlate with olfactory function and OC opacification. The profile of OC mucus proteins differs between CRSsNP and CRSwNP subgroups, suggesting different mechanisms between groups, but further study is required.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Correlation of mucus inflammatory proteins and olfaction in chronic rhinosinusitis

Soler

Yoo

Schlosser

et al. 2019

Int Forum Allergy Rhinol

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“…Interleukin 6 was previously reported to be inversely correlated with olfactory function 12 ; however, this study was in patients without CRS, so its role may differ in CRS-associated olfactory dysfunction. Interleukin 7 stimulates proliferation of lymphoid cells, including B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…10,11 In humans, an additional study 12 reported higher local interleukin (IL)6 in the nasal mucus of patients with hyposmia from a variety of non-CRS origins when compared with normosmic controls. However, no studies have specifically evaluated cytokine levels in mucus collected directly from the olfactory cleft in patients with CRS.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucous Cytokine Levels in Chronic Rhinosinusitis–Associated Olfactory Loss

Schlosser

Mulligan

Hyer

et al. 2016

JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg

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IMPORTANCE Olfactory loss is a frequent symptom of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), but our understanding of how inflammatory cytokines affect olfaction is limited. OBJECTIVES To examine whether inflammatory cytokines are present in the olfactory cleft and whether they correlate with objective olfaction. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cross-sectional study, patients with CRS underwent quantitative olfactory testing using the Sniffin Sticks test to calculate a composite threshold discrimination identification (TDI) score from October 21, 2013, to November 12, 2015. Nasal mucus was collected using a sponge placed in the olfactory cleft for 5 minutes, and Cytometric Bead Array was used to measure secreted immunomodulatory products. Correlations between TDI score and secreted mediators were then calculated. Data analysis was performed from October 15, 2015, to December 17, 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Composite TDI scores and mean secreted mediator levels in mucus from the olfactory cleft. RESULTS Thirty-four patients were enrolled (mean [SD] age, 57.3 [15.7] years; female, 21 [61.8%]; white, 26 [76.5]). The TDI scores were lower in patients with CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) than in patients with CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) (difference, 8.7; 95% CI, 2.5–15.0; P = .007). Interleukin (IL) 5 levels were inversely correlated with TDI scores in patients with CRSwNP and those with CRSsNP (mean [SE] β estimate, −46.56 [15.11]; P = .005), whereas IL-6, IL-7, and vascular endothelial growth factor A were positively correlated with TDI scores only in the CRSwNP cohort. Subscale olfactory TDI scores followed similar correlations to composite TDI scores. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, inflammatory cytokines were found in mucus collected from the olfactory cleft. Levels of IL-5, in addition to other cytokines, were associated with objective olfactory function. Further inquiry is needed to establish the source of mucous cytokines and establish whether they play a causal role in olfactory loss.

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“…Also, chronic IFN-c expressions in the mouse have been caused olfactory dysfunction [20]. On the other hand, elevated IL-6 (as a pro-inflammatory cytokine) levels were found in plasma, saliva, and nasal mucus in patients with hyposmia recently [9]. Several publications indicate that increased levels of circulating TNF-a, IL-6, and IFN-c are present in patients with psoriasis [1,18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory functions in patients with psoriasis vulgaris: correlations with the severity of the disease

et al. 2016

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It is well known that psoriasis is not only limited to skin, but a systemic autoimmune disease with various comorbidities. Olfactory dysfunction, one of as a common but lesser known symptom of patients with autoimmune diseases, often presents with smell loss. The aim of this study was to assess the olfactory functions in patients with psoriasis and to compare with healthy controls. A total of 50 patients with psoriasis and 43 control subjects were included to the study. The clinical severity of psoriasis was calculated by psoriasis area and severity index (PASI). Patients were classified into two groups according to PASI score as mild (PASI ≤10) and moderate-severe (PASI >10). Olfactory function was evaluated with "Sniffin'Sticks" test. Total test scores (max. 48 points) of threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) were classified as normal olfaction = normosmia (>30.3 points), decreased olfaction = hyposmia (16.5-30.3 points) and loss of olfaction = anosmia (<16.5 points). Psoriasis patients had significantly lower smell scores compared with healthy controls (p < 0.001). Of the 50 psoriasis patients, 40 (80 %) were hyposmic. We found negative correlation between TDI and PASI (r = -0.34, p = 0.014). The TDI scores of the patients with moderate-severe psoriasis (PASI score >10) were found to be significantly lower than the patients with mild psoriasis (PASI ≤10) (p < 0.001). Olfactory dysfunction in patients with psoriasis could be thought as a comorbidity as in other inflammatory disorders. Physicians should be aware of olfactory impairment when evaluating psoriasis patients in their clinical practice.

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Interleukin 6 in Hyposmia

Cited by 70 publications

References 74 publications

Correlation of mucus inflammatory proteins and olfaction in chronic rhinosinusitis

Correlation of mucus inflammatory proteins and olfaction in chronic rhinosinusitis

Mucous Cytokine Levels in Chronic Rhinosinusitis–Associated Olfactory Loss

Olfactory functions in patients with psoriasis vulgaris: correlations with the severity of the disease

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