Interleukin 4 and human immunodeficiency virus stimulate LFA-1-ICAM-1-mediated aggregation of monocytes and subsequent giant cell formation

Interleukin-1 Receptor Type I Gene-Deficient Mice Are Less Susceptible toStaphylococcus epidermidisBiomaterial-Associated Infection than Are Wild-Type Mice

“…Apparently, IL-4 is associated with macrophage fusion and the onset of the foreign-body reaction in vivo. This confirms the relevance of similar data obtained by others in vitro (21,29,31,33,39). In addition, the enhanced (in comparison to in wild-type mice) production of IL-4 around SEpvp in our IL-1R Ϫ/Ϫ mice despite the high levels of IL-1␤ is concordant with similar results obtained in a leishmanias infection model (47) and suggests a role for IL-1 in the downregulation of IL-4 production in vivo in wild-type mice.…”

IL-4 abrogates osteoclastogenesis through STAT6-dependent inhibition of NF-κB

“…Conversely, Th2-secreted cytokines which include IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 are immunosuppressive in nature and exert antiinflammatory and anti-osteoclastogenic effects (33,56,59). The anti-inflammatory properties of IL-4 have been widely investigated and the cytokine is believed to suppress macrophage-related functions (60)(61)(62)(63)(64). The cytokine is present in most inflammatory sites and plays a major role as an endogenous immunoregulator (33,35,37,43).…”

Human monocyte/macrophage adhesion, macrophage motility, and IL-4-induced foreign body giant cell formation on silane-modified surfacesin vitro

“…[16][17][18] The molecular mechanisms of macrophage fusion are not well characterized but appear to involve macrophage mannose receptors, LFA-1/ICAM-1 interactions, and transglutaminase activity. [19][20][21][22] Macrophage fusion can be very extensive, producing extremely large FBGCs (>1.0 mm 2 ) that contain hundreds of nuclei. 23 Investigators have demonstrated that interleukin-4 (IL-4), a T H 2 lymphocyte-derived cytokine, can induce macrophage fusion in vitro and in vivo, 18,21,24,25 although contradictory results also have been published.…”

“…[19][20][21][22] Macrophage fusion can be very extensive, producing extremely large FBGCs (>1.0 mm 2 ) that contain hundreds of nuclei. 23 Investigators have demonstrated that interleukin-4 (IL-4), a T H 2 lymphocyte-derived cytokine, can induce macrophage fusion in vitro and in vivo, 18,21,24,25 although contradictory results also have been published. 26 Recently, interleukin-13 (IL-13), a cytokine with considerable structural and functional homologies to IL-4, also has been shown to induce fusion of human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro.…”