Interleukin‐1β, tumor necrosis factor‐α levels and neutrophil elastase activity in peri‐implant crevicular fluid

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels and neutrophil elastase (NE) activity in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) of smoker and nonsmoker patients, and to investigate their relationships with clinical parameters. A total of 42 endosseous root-form dental implants of 14 patients were clinically examined by modified Plaque index (PI), modified Gingival index (GI) and probing depth (PD). Smoking habits of the patients were recorded. PICF of implants were collected by Periopaper strips and IL-1beta, TNF-alpha levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). NE was analyzed with a neutrophil specific chromogenic substrate, N-methoxysuccinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-p-nitroanilide. The cytokine and enzyme levels in PICF were expressed as total amount/activity and as concentrations. NE activity in PICF significantly correlated with GI and PD, and IL-1beta levels with GI and PICF volume (P < 0.05). The correlations were stronger when the PICF levels were expressed as total IL-1beta amount and as total NE activity. The implants with inflamed gingiva (GI > 1) had higher levels of IL-1beta and NE activity than implants with noninflamed or slightly inflamed gingiva (GI <or= 1) (P < 0.05). Total NE activity in implants with deep pockets (PD > 3 mm) was greater than the implants with shallow pockets (PD <or= 3 mm) (P < 0.05). The implants of smoker patients had significantly lower PICF NE activity and IL-1beta levels, and significantly higher TNF-alpha levels than the implants of nonsmokers (P < 0.05). The findings of the present study indicate that NE activity and IL-1beta levels in PICF may be used to measure implant health status of patients who do not smoke.

Peri-Implant Infections of Oral Biofilm Etiology

“…It was confirmed that higher concentrations of TNF-α, IL-17 and IL-1β are present in PICF collected from peri-implantitis-affected sites, compared to healthy controls (Ataoglu et al 2002;Curtis et al 1997;Darabi et al 2013;Vieira et al 2013;Severino et al 2011), whereas the opposite was the case for anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (Casado et al 2013). More recently multiplex cytokine arrays have been applied in the analysis of PICF, allowing for a broader simultaneous screening of multiple inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.…”

“…However, the presence of a specific SNP does not necessarily translate into higher levels of IL-1β in PICF (Lachmann et al 2007;Jansson et al 2005;Melo et al 2012). Although there is good evidence of the involvement of IL-1β as a crucial mediator of the host inflammatory response in peri-implant tissues (Murata et al 2002;Salvi et al 2010;Ataoglu et al 2002), this needs to be complemented with further interventional studies, whereby IL-1β inhibitors are part of the treatment. Moreover, other members of the IL-1 family, such as IL-18, which may display differential regulation from IL-1β, should also be considered in PICF (Hamedi et al 2009;Bostanci et al 2009).…”

Clinical and Radiographic Peri-Implant Parameters and Whole Salivary Interleukin-1β and Interleukin-6 Levels among Type-2 Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with and without Peri-Implantitis

“…Studies have shown that a variety of inflammatory biomarkers (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, and immunoglobulins) are present in the UWS of patients with oral and systemic disorders [17][18][19]. Therefore, the noninvasive assessment of UWS may yield valuable information and can be used to monitor the severity of oral inflammatory conditions, including peri-implantitis [17,20]. IL-1β and IL-6 are the most common inflammatory cytokines that enhance bone resorption by increasing osteoclastic activity [18].…”

Increased IL-6 Levels in Peri-Implant Crevicular Fluid Correlate with Peri-Implantitis

“…Biochemical markers in peri-implant crevicular fluid may indicate peri-implantitis in early stage, allowing efficient intervention before substantial amounts of bone are lost. Some biochemical markers have been suggested to detect peri-implant disease (17)(18)(19)(20).…”