Interleukin 1β—A Potential Salivary Biomarker for Cancer Progression?

Abstract

The relationship between cancer and inflammation is a complex but intimate one. Decades of work has shown to us that cancer progression is influenced by a multitude of factors, including genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. We often overlook that cancer progression is also a pathological consequence of a dysregulated inflammatory control in the body. A current emerging topic in cancer research is the role of inflammasomes in carcinogenesis. The inflammasome is a multicomplex protein platform that when activated results in the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β. There is increasing evidence suggesting that IL-1β plays a pivotal role in cancer progression. This short review proposes the possibility of using IL-1β as a potential cancer progression biomarker and discusses the use of saliva as a model biological fluid for measuring physiological IL-1β levels in the body.

The diurnal pattern of salivary IL-1β in healthy young adults

“…Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, which is found to be elevated in various diseases, including cancer [2]. Despite the role of this cytokine in disease progression, little is known about the steadystate circadian rhythm of IL-1β in healthy individuals.…”

Diagnostic Importance of Saliva – An Overview

“…17 Salivary biomarkers have been investigated in different types of cancer. 18 Different studies suggest that the level of IL-b is fundamentally higher in cancer patients and is more easily detected in saliva than in blood. 18 Several salivary protein markers, for example, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP 2, 9), interleukins (8, 6, 1b), transferrin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a) ,transforming growth factor (TGF-1) and catalase have been identified in oral squamous cell carcinoma.…”

“…18 Different studies suggest that the level of IL-b is fundamentally higher in cancer patients and is more easily detected in saliva than in blood. 18 Several salivary protein markers, for example, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP 2, 9), interleukins (8, 6, 1b), transferrin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a) ,transforming growth factor (TGF-1) and catalase have been identified in oral squamous cell carcinoma. 19 Many protein biomarkers including Matrix metalloproteinases ,cytokines, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A),Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and mRNA salivary biomarkers such as Ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 1 (OAZ1), Dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1), S100 calcium binding protein P (S100P),Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (SAT1) have been identified to detect OSCC with high sensitivity and specificity (20).…”

Salivary microbiome of an urban Indian cohort and patterns linked to subclinical inflammation

“…The interleukin-1 family of molecules are key players in innate immunity and are central to the initiation and modulation of proinflammatory responses. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a key proinflammatory cytokine, which is elevated in diverse conditions associated with chronic inflammation (microbial and non-microbial) as well as carcinogenesis (Church, Cook & McDermott, 2008;Dinarello, 1996Dinarello, , 2011Idris, Ghazali & Koh, 2015). IL-1β is produced via multiple activation pathways, for example, "inflammasome" recruitment when the hosts' pattern recognition receptors (PRR) interact with specific pathogenassociated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from the affecting microbes (Martinon, Burns & Tschopp, 2002;Netea et al, 2010;Yilmaz & Lee, 2015).…”