The diurnal pattern of salivary IL-1β in healthy young adults

Ghazali, Nur Basirah; Steele, Michael; Koh, David; Idris, Adi

doi:10.1515/ijamh-2017-0058

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Their study reported that the salivary levels of most of the cytokines were highest in the morning. Similarly, other studies have also reported highest levels of IL‐1β 46 and IL‐6 47 in the morning. Although we did not assess the diurnal rhythm of the cytokines in the present study, all the samples were collected around 10:00 am to reduce the influence of diurnal variation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Possible utilization of salivary IFN‐γ/IL‐4 ratio as a marker of chronic stress in healthy individuals

Takemori

Sasayama

Toida

et al. 2021

Neuropsychopharm Rep

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Introduction Several studies show that psychological stress reduces Th1/Th2 ratio in blood samples. However, evidence is scarce regarding the cytokine alterations during stress in saliva. We investigated the influence of chronic stress on Th1/Th2 ratio and cytokine profiles in the saliva of healthy individuals. Further, we examined the associations of the salivary cytokine levels with sleep and attention problems, which are closely related with psychological stress. Methods Salivary levels of 27 cytokines were measured by multiplex bead array assays in 31 healthy young individuals (health science students and hospital staff consisting of 11 men and 20 women, mean age [standard deviation] =21.5 [0.8] years). The Kessler Psychological Distress scale (K10) and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) were administered to assess subjective chronic psychological stress and sleep problems. Further, participants were asked to wear Actigraph GT3X accelerometers for 3 days to assess the total sleep time. Attention problems were assessed by administering the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test (IVA‐CPT). Results Thirteen cytokines with >80% detectable results were included in the main analyses. The IFN‐γ/IL‐4 ratio, which is a commonly used index for Th1/Th2 ratio, showed significant negative correlations with the K10 and AIS scores. None of the cytokines were significantly associated with sex, body mass index, sleep index measured by Actigraph, or IVA‐CPT scores. Conclusion Chronic stress may be associated with alterations of the Th1/Th2 balance in salivary cytokine production. IFN‐γ/IL‐4 ratio in saliva may serve as a potential biomarker of chronic stress in healthy individuals.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Possible utilization of salivary IFN‐γ/IL‐4 ratio as a marker of chronic stress in healthy individuals

Takemori

Sasayama

Toida

et al. 2021

Neuropsychopharm Rep

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“…Cytokine levels can also be influenced by technical complications. For example, cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-6 exhibit diurnal variations, which can contribute to differing results among studies ( 34 , 35 ). The type of trauma can also impact on cytokine measurements.…”

Section: Immune Imbalances In Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Ptsd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Immunological Disorder?

2017

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Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit an increased state of inflammation. Various animal models for PTSD have shown some of the same immune imbalances as have been shown in human subjects with PTSD, and some of these studies are discussed in this review. However, animal studies can only indirectly implicate immune involvement in PTSD in humans. This review of mainly studies with human subjects focuses on dissecting the immunological role in the pathogenesis of PTSD following initial trauma exposure. It addresses both the inflammatory state associated with PTSD and the immune imbalance between stimulatory and inhibitory immune mediators, as well as variables that can lead to discrepancies between analyses. The concept of immunological treatment approaches is proposed for PTSD, as new treatments are needed for this devastating disorder that is affecting unprecedented numbers of Veterans from the long-standing wars in the Middle East and which affects civilians following severe trauma.

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“…It should be noted that our study discussed time of saliva collection while others did not. However, diurnal patterns of cytokines may play a role in differences of cytokine levels (Ghazali et al, 2017). In addition, the heterogeneity of inflammation varies in relation to medications, age, and MS disease state (Beurel et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though we adhered to careful and standardized methods for saliva collection of cytokines, additional studies are needed in a larger sample to control for confounders (e.g., prior studies used blood measured cytokines; Milrad et al, 2018;Sorenson et al, 2013;Schmidt et al, 2016;Tsuboi et al, 2018;Wiener et al, 2019). However, we expect that the impact of these confounders is small because several authors have measured cytokines with saliva (Ghazali et al, 2017;Hanken et al, 2018;Szabo et al, 2016;Williamson et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To collect saliva samples, all the participants were asked to refrain from eating, drinking, smoking, or performing oral hygiene procedures for at least 1 hour before the sample collection. All saliva collection was performed between 9 and 11 am to minimize the diurnal variations of salivary proteins (Ghazali et al, 2017). The samples were immediately frozen, and hand delivered to the core analysis laboratory.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Depression and Inflammatory Markers in Veterans With Multiple Sclerosis

Newland

Basan

Chen

et al. 2021

Biological Research For Nursing

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Multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS), afflicts over one per thousand people in the United States. The pathology of MS typically involves lesions in several regions, including the brain and spinal cord. The manifestation of MS is variable and carries great potential to negatively impact quality of life (QOL). Evidence that inflammatory markers are related to depression in MS is accumulating. However, there are barriers in precisely identifying the biological mechanisms underlying depression and inflammation. Analysis of cytokines provides one promising approach for understanding the mechanisms that may contribute to MS symptoms. Methods: In this pilot study, we measured salivary levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta (β), and IL-10 in 24 veterans with MS. Descriptive statistics were reported and Pearson correlation coefficients were obtained between cytokines and depression. Results: The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly negatively associated with depression in veterans with MS (r = −0.47, p = .024). Conclusion: Cytokines may be useful for elucidating biological mechanisms associated with the depression and a measure for nurses caring for veterans with MS.

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The diurnal pattern of salivary IL-1β in healthy young adults

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Possible utilization of salivary IFN‐γ/IL‐4 ratio as a marker of chronic stress in healthy individuals

Possible utilization of salivary IFN‐γ/IL‐4 ratio as a marker of chronic stress in healthy individuals

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Immunological Disorder?

Depression and Inflammatory Markers in Veterans With Multiple Sclerosis

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