Interleukin-12 in Human Milk

Bryan, Dani-Louise; Hawkes, Joanna S.; Gibson, Robert A.

doi:10.1203/00006450-199906000-00013

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Böttcher et al [22] reported no differences for TGF-b. In agreement with our findings, a small study found no associations between IL-12 in breast milk and a maternal atopic status [23]. Our findings of higher levels of sCD14 in mothers with a maternal allergic history (P = 0.04) or mothers with sensitization (P = 0.03) have not been reported earlier.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…More recently, Rothenbacher et al [15] found a lower risk for atopic eczema for breastfed infants (X6 months, sCD14 in the highest quartile) vs. less than 3 months' breastfeeding. They suggested that the beneficial [23,33,34] or TGF-b1 [8,9,22,24,32,35,36] concentrations in breast milk with inconsistent results with respect to the mothers and/or infant's atopic outcomes. We speculate that three explanations may clarify these inconsistencies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, Blais et al [38] found that sCD14 in breast milk is more susceptible to the infant's pancreatin digestion vs. pepsin digestion by in vitro experiments, suggesting decreased activity of sCD14 in the LPS-rich environment of the distal bowel. Third, the use of different ELISA kits may explain inconsistent results between studies [23]. It was noted in two studies that the use of ELISA assays of R&D Systems did not detect IL-12 in breast milk [33,34].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cytokines and soluble CD14 in breast milk in relation with atopic manifestations in mother and infant (KOALA Study)

Snijders

Damoiseaux²,

Penders

et al. 2006

Clin Experimental Allergy

113

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SummaryBackground Conflicting evidence exists concerning the protective role of breastfeeding in allergy and atopic disease aetiology. Breast milk contains biologically active molecules influencing the innate immune system of newborns. Objective We aim to assess whether cytokines (TGF-b1, IL-10 and IL-12) and soluble CD14 (sCD14) in breast milk are influenced by maternal atopic constitution and modify the development of atopic manifestations in infants. Methods Milk samples were collected at 1 month post-partum of 315 lactating mothers participating in the ongoing KOALA Birth Cohort Study. The cytokines and sCD14 were analysed by ELISA in the aqueous fraction. We compared the concentrations of cytokines and sCD14 in breast milk between mothers with and without an allergic history and also with and without allergic sensitization (specific IgE). Associations of cytokines and sCD14 with the development of eczema, wheezing in the first 2 years of life and allergic sensitization of infants at the age of 2 years were analysed by multivariate logistic regression analyses to correct for confounders. Results We found higher sCD14 levels in mothers with a positive vs. negative allergic history (7.6 vs. 7.0 mg/mL; P = 0.04) and in mothers who were sensitized vs. non-sensitized (7.8 vs. 7.1 mg/mL; P = 0.03). None of the studied immune factors were associated with infant's atopic outcomes. IL-10 was not detected above the detection limit of 0.2 pg/mL. Conclusion Taking together the results of the present and previous studies, we conclude that there is no convincing evidence for a relation between TGF-b1, sCD14, IL-10 or IL-12 in breast milk and atopic manifestations in infants.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Cytokines and soluble CD14 in breast milk in relation with atopic manifestations in mother and infant (KOALA Study)

Snijders

Damoiseaux²,

Penders

et al. 2006

Clin Experimental Allergy

113

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“…These results suggested that high levels of IL-18 were associated with preterm delivery, which was closely associated with pregnancy complications. Figure 2, colostrum contained TNF-␣, IL-12, IFN-␥, and sFasL, as reported previously (10,11). TNF-␣ levels in colostrum were higher in mothers with preterm delivery than in those with delivery at term, whereas IL-12, IFN-␥, and sFasL levels showed no significant differences between those with preterm and term delivery.…”

Section: Il-18 Levels Of Human Milksupporting

confidence: 66%

Interleukin-18 in Human Milk

et al. 2001

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“…Moreover, as levels of immune markers may vary in time (16)(17)(18)(19), we tested whether the levels of immune mediators correlated with the interval of collection after birth. None of the immune markers were correlated with the time of milk collection, which is in agreement with a recent review on breast milk immune markers (20).…”

Section: Articlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre- and perinatal characteristics and breast milk immune markers

et al. 2013

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Background: Maternal allergy and gestational exposures can alter the concentration of type-1/type-2/T-regulatory markers in breast milk. We tested whether maternal risk factors are related to breast milk immune markers. Methods: Expecting mothers were enrolled in [2008][2009][2010] in South Carolina in prenatal clinics and classes. Interferon (IFN)-γ-induced protein 10 (CXCL10), CCL11, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-10, IL-12(p70), IL-13, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and immunoglobulin (Ig)A in 115 whey samples were measured by immunoassays. Maternal asthma, eczema, rhinitis, smoking, urogenital infections during gestation, pet exposure, education, race/ethnicity, age, body mass, and the child's birth date and sex were ascertained. The effects of these risk factors on immune markers were estimated using general linear models. results: Maternal asthma was linked to higher levels of IL-5, rhinitis to lower levels of IL-5 and INF-γ, and eczema to lower levels of IL-6. Gestational smoking was related to increased concentrations of CXCL8 and IL-6. African-American mothers had markedly higher levels of IL-6, IFN-γ, and CXCL8. Urogenital infections, maternal age, body mass, child's sex, and season of birth contributed to the variation. conclusion: The impact of maternal allergies on immune markers in breast milk was small compared with that of maternal nondisease characteristics. t he prevalence of allergic diseases, including asthma, eczema, and rhinitis, has increased significantly in past decades. Studies have reported that breastfeeding may influence the development of atopic disease (1-3). Breast milk contains a large number of immune-modulating factors (e.g., cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins (Ig), enzymes, and hormones) that are thought not only to allow the development of the infant's immune system but also to protect the infant from infection and gut inflammation (2,4,5). Because cytokines and chemokines are significant immune-modulating agents found in breast milk, identification of factors that influence their levels in breast milk is of importance. Knowledge on breast milk immune markers will help to evaluate future disease risks of breastfed infants.Several studies have reported different concentrations of immune constituents in breast milk obtained from atopic vs. nonatopic mothers (2,4,6,7), in addition to that obtained from mothers whose children developed cow's milk allergies compared with mothers having nonallergic children (3,5). Hence, exposures to different levels of immune factors through breast milk are considered to affect the occurrence of childhood allergies. However, relatively few studies have examined factors (e.g., maternal allergy) that may alter breast milk cytokine/ chemokine and IgA levels (2,4,5,8,9). Circumstantial evidence suggests that maternal allergy may be an important factor because a history of maternal asthma, rhinitis, and eczema seems to increase the risk of allergic diseases in infants (10). Studies have reported that mothers with allergic di...

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Interleukin-12 in Human Milk

Cited by 45 publications

References 16 publications

Cytokines and soluble CD14 in breast milk in relation with atopic manifestations in mother and infant (KOALA Study)

Cytokines and soluble CD14 in breast milk in relation with atopic manifestations in mother and infant (KOALA Study)

Interleukin-18 in Human Milk

Pre- and perinatal characteristics and breast milk immune markers

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