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ABSTRACT. Over a 30-year period from 1954 to 1983, 975 live births were recorded for Japanese macaque females at the Iwatayama Monkey Park, Arashiyama, Japan. Excluding unknown birth dates, primiparous mothers gave birth to 185 infants (182 cases with age of mother known) and multiparous mothers gave birth to 723 infants (603 cases with age of mother known). The peak month of birth was May with 52.3% of the total births occurring during the period. Multiparous females who had not given birth the previous year did so earlier than multiparous females who had given birth the previous year and also earlier than primiparous females. Among the females who had given birth the previous year, females whose infant had died gave birth earlier than females who had reared an infant the previous year. The offspring sex ratio (1 : 0.97) was not significantly different from 1 : 1, and revealed no consistent association with mother's age. Age-fecundity exhibited a humped curve. The annual birth rate was low at the age of 4 years but increased thereafter, ranging between 46.7% and 69.0%, at between 5 and 19 years of age, but again decreased for females between 20 and 25 years of age. Some old females displayed clear reproductive senescence. The infant mortality within the first year of age was quite low (10.3%) and the neonatal (less than 1 month old) mortality rate accounted for 49.0o/o of all infant deaths. There was no significant difference between the mortality rates of male and female infants. A female's rank-class had no apparent effect on the annual birth rate, infant mortality, and offspring sex ratio. These long-term data are compared with those from other primate populations.

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To identify the role of T cells in chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, EBV and cytokine gene expression was quantified by use of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) among 6 patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for chronic active EBV infection. Four of these patients showed clonal expansion of EBV-infected T cells. Quantitative PCR for EBV DNA in peripheral blood of patients with symptomatic chronic active EBV infection showed higher copy numbers of virus (mean, 1.45 x 10(5) copies/mL) than were seen in blood from patients with infectious mononucleosis (3.08 x 10(3) copies/mL) or with EBV-associated hemophagocytosis (2.95 x 10(4) copies/mL). Fractionated CD3(+) HLA-DR(+) cells from patients with chronic active EBV infection contained higher copy numbers than did CD3(+) HLA-DR(-) cells. Quantitative PCR for cytokines revealed that interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, and transforming growth factor-beta genes were expressed at higher levels in HLA-DR(+) than in HLA-DR(-) T cells. These results suggest that activated T cells in chronic active EBV infection expressed high levels of EBV DNA and both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. EBV-infected T cells may contribute to the unbalanced cytokine profiles of chronic mononucleosis.

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ABSTRACT. Some dyads of Japanese monkey adult males and females show remarkable spatial proximity and frequent exchanges of social behaviors. It is suggested that some kind of "affinity" exists between them. Females obtain much unilateral benefit from "proximity effects"; even lowranking females can dominate high-ranking females as long as they stay nearby their "affinitive" males. Males acquire female followers in return. Mating relations and female mother-daughter relations play important roles in forming new "affinitive relations." Once monkeys have formed "affinitive relations," however, they seldom mate with each other, as if they were kin-related. Therefore, the acquisition of female followers appears inconsistent with a male's strategy for reproducing many genes in the next generation.

and Summary A unit‐group (K‐group) of chimpanzees has shown a drastic demographic change in the course of 17 years (1966–1983) of field study. K‐group had 6 adult males in 1966. Initially, the group lost adult males one by one between 1969–1975. The number of adult males in the unit‐group was the main factor influencing the immigration of strange, cycling females and the emigration of cycling females, although nulliparous females born into K‐group regularly emigrated to other unit‐groups, regardless of the number of adult males within K‐group. When the number of adult males in the group dropped to only two in early 1978, many cycling females began to associate with the males of a larger unit‐group (M‐group), as well as those of K‐group. When K‐group lost one of the remaining adult males and became essentially a “one‐male” group in 1979, all the fertile, cycling females began to associate mostly with M‐group and radically expanded their ranges, although their core areas tended to be closer to their original ranges. During this time the “alpha” male of K‐group tried to restrict the ranging of “his” females to his normal range with a variety of herding techniques. The extent of the range expansions by immigrant females was influenced by their ages and ages of their youngest offspring. Parous females usually did not transfer or re‐transfer permanently as long as their offspring were alive and the number of adult males within their group was more than three. Juvenile males occasionally followed their mothers and transferred between unit‐groups. Some males refused to transfer even though their mothers transferred permanently. The destiny of these juvenile males who transferred is not clear, as such cases were rare. Annual ranges of immigrant females roughly coincided with those of the resident adult males of the unit‐group. This observation effectively rejects the male‐only community model of chimpanzee social organization (Wrangham 1979a). By the middle of 1983, K‐group consisted of four animals: one lactating female with her infant daughter and one old post‐reproductive female with her adolescent son. The loss of adult males was partly attributed to inter‐unit‐group aggression. Neighbouring unit‐groups expanded their ranges at the expense of a small unit‐group with few adult males. The large‐scale transfer of cycling females to M‐group is regarded as a female reproductive strategy, as such migration may lead to a greater number of available mates, and decrease the possibility of attacks from large neighbouring unit‐groups, and moreover the females can still utilize their familiar feeding areas. Zusammenfassung Im Verlauf einer 17 Jahre dauernden Feldstudie durchlief eine bestimmte Schimpansengruppe (“K”) drastische demographische Veränderungen. 1966 enthielt sie 6 adulte Männchen, verlor aber von 1969–1975 eins nach dem anderen davon. Als 1978 nur noch 2 adulte Männchen da waren, schlossen sich viele der sexuell aktiven Weibchen abwechselnd diesen und den Männchen der benachbarten größeren M‐Gruppe an. 1979 ...