Interleukin 1 and receptor antagonist levels in gingival crevicular fluid in heavy smokers versus non‐smokers

Abstract

A decreased concentration of IL-1beta and also IL-1ra was found in GCF from periodontitis sites compared to healthy sites in smokers and in non-smokers, although this did not reach statistical significance following adjustments for multiple testing. For comparisons between heavy smokers and non-smokers, statistically significant differences were found in the GCF concentrations of IL-1beta from deep bleeding sites only. Statistically significant differences were found in the IL-1ra concentrations for smokers vs. non-smokers for all categories of sites.

The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1-Ra) and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I (sTNF RI) in periodontal disease

“…It should be noted that the intracellular form of IL-1Ra can only act when released from dead or necrotizing tissues together with IL-1β (in case of macrophages) and IL-1α (in case of keratinocytes) [5]. The subsequent studies by Rawlinson et al have supported the previous observation of significantly decreased IL-1Ra concentration in gingival crevicular fluid in patients suffering from periodontitis as compared to the control group, presenting no clinical signs of periodontal disease [34]. Waschul et al measured the IL-1Ra and IL-1 β concentration in gingival fluid in case of experimentally induced gingivitis [35].…”

Smoking and Periodontal Diseases

“…In a study by Bergstrom et al, the degree of gingival redness, bleeding from gingival margin, and the gingival fluid exudate increased in smokers and nonsmokers during four weeks of experiment (3). There are an higher levels of TNF-α and decreased levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, enzyme elastase, cytokines, and possibly polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in GCF of smokers in comparison with nonsmokers, which justifies the lower levels of gingival inflammation observed clinically and histologically in smokers (16). The reasons for the reduction of elastase concentration in GCF are not clear.…”

Effects of resveratrol and cigarette smoking onbone healing: histomorphometric evaluation

“…CS has been reported to cause hormonal changes, oversecretion of inflammatory cytokines, changes in levels of growth factors, and OPG inhibition. As a result, the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts is disrupted and, eventually, this might reduce new bone formation (28,29). Uysal et al (30) injected a single dose of resveratrol (10 µmol/kg) into the maxillary suture of rats, to which intermaxillary suture extension was conducted.…”