Effects of resveratrol and cigarette smoking onbone healing: histomorphometric evaluation

Abstract

Bone healing is a complex process influenced by biological, mechanical, and systemic factors. Delays in bone healing affect the success of almost all oral surgical procedures. Bone healing may be decelerated for various reasons or may result in formation of fibrous tissue (1).Cigarette smoke (CS) disrupts bone healing, can lead to osteoporosis, and affects the planning and success of surgical procedures. The effect of CS on bone metabolism could be via disorders in bone angiogenesis, collagen metabolism, and the RANK-RANKL-osteoprotegerin (OPG) system (2,3). Direct cellular effects of CS on bone include changes in calciotropic hormone metabolism (4). Osteocalcin can be affected by CS directly or by hormonal changes and may decrease osteoblast activity (5). Fung et al. (6) reported that nicotine (active ingredient of cigarettes) reduced vitamin D storage and osteoblast activity in humans.Resveratrol (trans-3,4,5-trihydroxystilbene), a natural polyphenol, is a plant metabolite found in grapes and wine, with osteogenic, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antiaging effects (7-9). In vitro studies have shown that resveratrol inhibits osteoclast differentiation, increases formation of osteoblasts, and stimulates expression of the vitamin D receptor in bone marrow osteoblast precursor cells (10,11). Studies using various vitamins and hormones to reduce or eliminate the negative effects of CS on the healing and metabolism of bone have been published (12,13). However, these substances affect only osteoblasts or osteoclasts.The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of CS and simultaneous application of resveratrol on bone healing histomorphometrically and to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on negative effects of CS. Materials and methods Study designThirty-eight Sprague Dawley rats (6 months; 250-300 g) were obtained from the Experimental Animal Production and Experimental Research Laboratory of Süleyman Demirel University. The experiment was performed with the approval of the Ethics Committee on Animal Experiments of Süleyman Demirel University (date and number, 14.08.2012-10). Rats were placed in plastic cages Background/aim: The aim of the present study is to investigate the effects of cigarette smoke (CS) and simultaneous application of resveratrol on bone healing histomorphometrically and to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on negative effects of CS.Materials and methods: For 4 weeks, Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to cigarette smoke at the equivalent of 6 cigarettes per day. After this period, monocortical defects were created in femurs by a trephine bur on day 28. Starting from the day of defect creation to the 28th postoperative day, rats were given 20 mg/kg body weight resveratrol. Histomorphometric examination of the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, as well as new bone area, was conducted.Results: Investigations were carried out on 33 rats. Differences between osteoblast numbers in the control and CS groups were significant, and CS caused a reduction in the number of os...

Short-term use of resveratrol in alloplastic graft material applied with calvarial bone defects in rats

“…In our study, although the dosage of resveratrol was at 5 mg/kg/day, osteopontin expression was increased in osteoblasts and osteocytes cells of new bone trabeculae. On the other hand, in another study on femur healing histomorphometrically and to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on negative effects of cigarette smoke showed that areas of new bone formation in the resveratrol and control groups were higher than in the smoking and smoking+resveratrol groups of rats that were given 20 mg/kg body weight resveratrol 40 . Apart from these, the effects of resveratrol cell culture models in relation to bone tissue were investigated in different studies 41 – 43 .…”

The Ying and Yang of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signalling within the Bone

“…Research in other diseases (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) has shown that smoking alters the S1P function by increasing levels of S1PRs and kinase activity [ 94 , 95 ]. Although the effect of smoking on S1P and other sphingolipids in the context of bone formation has not been formally studied, smoking has been shown to affect fracture healing [ 96 , 97 ]. Thymoquinone (TMQ) has previously been reported to increasing sphingolipid signalling in monocyte by increasing receptor mRNA expression [ 98 ].…”

Bisphosphonates Reduce Smoking-Induced Osteoporotic-Like Alterations by Regulating RANKL/OPG in an Osteoblast and Osteoclast Co-Culture Model

“…With regard to osteoporosis in smokers, current management strategies including smoking cessation, exercise, and dietary therapy are not complied by most patients [14]. Antioxidants, such as resveratrol, have been shown to potentially reduce the adverse effects of CS upon bone health, but they have not been used clinically [15]. Thus, there is wide demand for a feasible and flexible in vitro cell culture model that allows the user to stimulate osteoporotic-like alterations in smokers while screening potential therapies.…”