Interferon-γ inductive effect of liposomes as an immunoadjuvant

Effect of Liposomal Formulations and Immunostimulating Peptidoglycan Monomer (PGM) on the Immune Reaction to Ovalbumin in Mice

“…The immunoadjuvant activity of liposomes has been established in a large number of studies (Gregoriadis, 1990;Gregoriadis et al, 2000;Tanaka et al, 2004;Kim et al, 2000;Aramaki et al, 1995;de Haan et al, 1995;Alving et al, 1995;Antimisiaris et al, 1993). Liposomes containing both antigen and adjuvant have been proposed as carriers for vaccines (Alving, 1991).…”

Involvement of carbohydrate on phospholipase A2, a bee‐venom allergen, in in vivo antigen‐specific IgE synthesis in mice

“…First, adjuvants are known to augment a particular differentiation toward Th1 or Th2 responses, and the use of adjuvants requires great care in the modulating of immune responses. Aluminum hydroxide (alum, Al(OH) 3 ) and diesel‐exhaust particulates are known to act as adjuvants to induce Th2 responses preferentially in rodents (23, 25, 30). Thus, the use of adjuvants makes the difference in the optimal dose of the ability of Ag to induce an immune reaction.…”

What's going on in vaccine technology?

“…Hence, subunit vaccines require a careful formulation to be fully effective, often based on the use of strong adjuvants and/or immunostimulating molecules. [43][44][45][46][47][48][49] In order to improve immune system responsiveness, antigens can be conjugated to carrier proteins, e.g., bacterial tossoids or high molecular weight proteins, giving rise to large molecules which are more effectively presented to immune system. Such an approach is also adopted in carbohydrate vaccine technology.…”