Interferon γ–Inducible Protein-10 (IP-10) and Eotaxin as Biomarkers in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Abstract

IP-10 and eotaxin may be early biomarkers in AMD. The authors hypothesize that the relative balance between levels of IP-10 and eotaxin is critical in regulating the neovascular response.

Systems-level analysis of age-related macular degeneration reveals global biomarkers and phenotype-specific functional networks

“…Thus, Oregon donors classified by SVM models as AMD ( Figure S10a in Additional file 1), but initially labeled 'normal' (Materials and methods), may have been in the beginning stages of AMD. Recently, elevated levels of CXCL10 were reported in the sera and choroid of individuals with AMD [63], and elevated intraocular CCL2 levels were observed in neovascular AMD [64]. Here we show that all AMD phenotypes in the RPE-choroid are associated with elevated expression of all, or a subset, of the following chemokines: CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CCL2, and CCL8 (Figure 2a, right).…”

Drusen and Pro-inflammatory Mediators in the Post-Mortem Human Eye

“…Through CXCR3-mediated mechanism, CXCL-10 and 11 inhibit angiogenesis and inhibit endothelial cell proliferation (49, 50 of serum paper). Serum concentration of CXCL-10 increased dramatically with age and with the development of AMD [45,46]. Mo et al [46] confirmed the accumulation of CXCL-10 in human eye tissue with AMD and proposed that CXCL-10 may function as a biomarker for AMD.…”

“…Serum concentration of CXCL-10 increased dramatically with age and with the development of AMD [45,46]. Mo et al [46] confirmed the accumulation of CXCL-10 in human eye tissue with AMD and proposed that CXCL-10 may function as a biomarker for AMD. Although we found the opposite in terms of age related changes in CXCL-10 concentration, this difference may be accounted for by the different methods used: serum versus histology.…”

Novel CCR3 Antagonists Are Effective Mono- and Combination Inhibitors of Choroidal Neovascular Growth and Vascular Permeability

“…Examination of postmortem human eyes in this same study suggested a correlation between CCL11 expression and early AMD, intermediate dry AMD, and wet AMD, with the strongest staining observed in the neovascular endothelium of patients with wet AMD. 11 In another study, however, no difference in circulating CCL11 levels was detected between healthy subjects and AMD patients. 12 Significantly increased levels of CCL24/eotaxin-2, another natural ligand of CCR3, have been observed in the sera of patients with wet AMD compared with those in normal counterparts, and anti-VEGF treatment in these patients did not reduce the levels of CCL24.…”

“…CCR3 is expressed at significantly higher levels in the tissues of older eyes than in younger eyes, including in the RPE/choroid complex, 9 and the CCR3 polymorphism rs3091250 is associated with AMD in an Indian population. 10 CC chemokine ligand (CCL)-11/eotaxin-1, a natural ligand of CCR3, was identified as a potential serum biomarker of human AMD; in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study, 11 elevated levels of this chemokine were significantly associated with stage I (early AMD) and stage III (intermediate dry AMD) disease and with geographic atrophy but, interestingly, not with CNV. Examination of postmortem human eyes in this same study suggested a correlation between CCL11 expression and early AMD, intermediate dry AMD, and wet AMD, with the strongest staining observed in the neovascular endothelium of patients with wet AMD.…”