Interferon regulatory factor-2 in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides): Gene, inductive expression pattern and subcellular localization

Immunological stimuli change expression of genes and neutrophil function in fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Rafinesque

“…The downregulation of IRF‐2 in LPS‐treated P. promelas may have changed the TLR expression to accommodate an appropriate immune response to bacterial stimuli (Nhu et al , 2006). No major TLRs, however, were observed in the ESTs for further real‐time PCR analysis, and although IRF‐2 has a function in an antiviral response, the upregulation was not observed in the poly(I:C)‐treated P. promelas , contrary to the reported observations for several fish species (Sun et al , 2006; Jia & Guo, 2008; Shi et al , 2010).…”

“…The interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 1 (IRF‐2), which was significantly downregulated in the LPS‐treated fish, belongs to a class of antiviral cytokines and is expressed upon viral infection (Mamane et al , 1999; Taniguchi et al , 2001; Shi et al , 2010). Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 1 is considered to be a transcriptional repressor and regulatory protein that can affect TLR gene expression of murine macrophages upon LPS stimulation (Taniguchi et al , 2001; Nhu et al , 2006).…”

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF-5) in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus

“…In addition, all IRFs, with the exception of IRF-1 and IRF-2, contain an IRF association domain (IAD) at the carboxyl terminus which mediated their interactions with other proteins to form transcriptional complexes [8]. According to the differences in the C-terminus of IRFs, IRFs can be divided into three groups: transcriptional activators (e.g., IRF-1, IRF-3, IRF-7 and IRF-9), repressors (e.g., IRF-2 and IRF-8) and multifunctional ones that both activate and repress gene transcription (e.g., IRF-2, IRF-4, IRF-5 and IRF-8) [9,10]. As important regulatory factors, IRFs are believed to play critical roles in antiviral responses, cell growth regulation, lymphocyte development, apoptosis and oncogenesis [6,11e13].…”

Immunotoxicology of titanium dioxide and hydroxylated fullerenes engineered nanoparticles in fish models

“…The downregulation of IRF-2 in LPS-treated P. promelas may have changed the TLR expression to accommodate an appropriate immune response to bacterial stimuli (Nhu et al, 2006). However, no major TLRs were observed in the ESTs for further real-time PCR analysis, and although IRF-2 has a function in an antiviral response, the upregulation was not observed in the Poly(I:C) treated P. promelas, contrary to the reported observations for several fish species Jia & Guo, 2008;Shi et al, 2010).…”

“…The interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 1 (IRF-2), which was significantly downregulated in the LPS treated fish, belongs to a class of antiviral cytokines and is expressed upon viral infection (Mamane et al, 1999;Taniguchi et al, 2001;Shi et al, 2010). IRF-2 is considered to be a transcriptional repressor and regulatory protein that can affect TLR gene expression of murine macrophages upon LPS stimulation (Taniguchi et al, 2001;Nhu et al, 2006).…”